Proof reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Proof reading - Essay Example There are select set of questions to assess the teaching of the course. This term may refer to the form and completed survey or a summary of the response to questionnaires. They are meant to produce recommendations that are useful to teachers that schools can use to improve the quality of teaching and learning. The process (data collection) shows the impact of teaching and student learning. Analysis and interpretation of data, and the response and display are valuable for several reasons (David et al, 2005). They are useful because teachers can examine the different interpretations and how to improve teaching. This information is used by administrators with more input in summative decision making (e.g. decision support management of salary increases, awards etc.) (Dunegan et al., 2003). Generally, these assessments include the evaluation ofpeers, supervisor evaluation and student test scores to create an overview of effective teaching. The objective of the evaluation is to assess how successful and effective the program has been in achieving the claimed benefits and offers recommendations for future programs (Neil et al, 1994). 3. Economy: to promote the use of broad questionnaires that need to brief a number of small scales which are reliable and simple in terms of reviewing the study of large groups and with the aim to develop questionnaires that could be completed by a group of students in about fifteen minutes. 6. The ability to identify perceptions of students in different subjects, in other words, students should learn the same curriculum in the same format and meaning as a whole but recognition of courses may vary between courses. The instruments of course evaluation used in this experiment were a questionnaire, the rating scale with 5 levels, an open-ended form, and a closed-end form. Accoridn to Leonie (1989), there are 9 parts in the questionnaire. High scores indicate that students perceived the teaching staff in the

Face Recognition Using PCA Algorithm

Face Recognition Using PCA Algorithm Bollini Lokesh, Abhishek Nallamothu, Mr.S.Planiappan ABSTRACT Day by day technology is changing and way of securing and automation is also trending. Facial recognition (or face recognition) is a type of biometric software application that can identify a specific individual in a digital image by analyzing and comparing patterns. Facial recognition systems are commonly used for security purposes but are increasingly being used in a variety of other automation applications. In real time, face recognition algorithms deal with large data base. Execution of these face recognition algorithms take high computational power and time on large database. Our objective is to improve speed of face recognition on large data base by using PCA algorithm. The goal of our proposing PCA algorithm is to reduce the dimensionality of the data by mapping the data into a lower dimensionality subspace while retaining as much as possible of the variation present in the original dataset. We formally prove this algorithm on ORL face data base with best precision. Keywords: PCA: Principle Component Analysis, MATLAB: Matrix Laboratory, ORL: Olivetti Research Laboratory INTRODUCTION Facial recognition (or face recognition) is a type of biometric software application that can identify a specific individual in a digital image by analyzing and comparing patterns. Facial recognition systems are commonly used for security purposes but are increasingly being used in a variety of other applications. The Kinect motion gaming system, for example, uses facial recognition to differentiate among players. Currently, a lot of facial recognition development is focused on smartphone applications. Smartphone facial recognition capacities include image tagging and other social networking integration purposes as well as personalized marketing. A research team at Carnegie Mellon has developed a proof-of-concept iPhone app that can take a picture of an individual and within seconds return the individuals name, date of birth and social security number. Facebook uses facial recognition software to help automate user tagging in photographs. Here’s how facial recognition works in Facebook: Each time an individual is tagged in a photograph, the software application stores information about that person’s facial characteristics. When enough data has been collected about a person to identify them, the system uses that information to identify the same face in different photographs, and will subsequently suggest tagging those pictures with that person’s name. Facial recognition software also enhances marketing personalization. For example, billboards have been developed with integrated software that identifies the gender, ethnicity and approximate age of passersby to deliver targeted advertising. The main aim of this project is to improve the computational speed of face recognition by using PCA algorithm. This can be done by reducing the dimensionality of images, while doing computations on images in data base. We propose a PCA algorithm with reduced dimensionality in calculations, and we formally prove this algorithm on ORL face data base of ten different images of each of 40 distinct subjects with best precision. RELATED WORK The proposed face recognition system by using PCA algorithm overcomes certain limitations of the existing face recognition system. It is based on reduction of dimensionality and extracting the dominating features of a set of human faces stored in the database and performing mathematical operations on the values corresponding to them. Hence when a new image is fed into the system for recognition then it will reduce dimensionality of new image and extract the main features to compute and find the distance between the input image and the stored images. Thus, some variations in the new face image to be recognized can be tolerated. When the new image of a person differs from the images of that person stored in the database, the system will be able to recognize the new face and identify who the person is. The proposed system is better mainly due to the use of facial features rather than the entire face. Its advantages are in terms of: Recognition accuracy and better discriminatory power Computational cost because of reduction in dimensionality and removing of noise from data set Concentrating on main features require less processing to train the PCA. Because of the use of dominant features and hence can be used as an effective means of authentication Principle Component Analysis Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was invented by Karl Pearson in 1901 and is now used in many fields of science. It is a way of identifying patterns in data, and expressing the data in such a way as to highlight their similarities and differences. Since patterns in data can be hard to find in data of high dimension, where the luxury of graphical representation is not available, PCA is a powerful tool for analyzing data. The other main advantage of PCA is that once you have found these patterns in the data, and you compress the data, ie. by reducing the number of dimensions, without much loss of information. The main aim of this project is to improve the computational speed of face recognition by using PCA algorithm. This can be done by reducing the dimensionality of images, while doing computations on images in data base. We propose a PCA algorithm with reduced dimensionality in calculations, and we formally prove this algorithm on ORL face data base of ten different images of each of 40 distinct subjects with best precision. Actually issues arise once performing arts face recognition in a very high-dimensional area (curse of dimensionality). therefore we have a tendency to area unit managing spatiality issues in face recognition performance. important enhancements will be achieved by 1st mapping the information into a lower-dimensional sub-space. Mapping knowledge|of knowledge|of information} into lower dimensional data is feasible by PCA formula. In PCA formula, 1st itll convert all face pictures (N X N pixel) in knowledge base into face vector (N2X1 dimensionality).It hundreds of these face vectors into one matrix (N2X M matrix; here M=number of face pictures in database).It cipher average face vector(N2X1 dimensionality) by doing mean on all face vectors. It calculate normalized face vectors matrix (N2X M dimensionality) by subtracting average face vector from every face vector. It calculate variance matrix to search out out best Eigen|chemist}|chemist} vectors (best Eigen vectors represent best Eigen faces).It calculate signature of image and place it in( M X S dimensionality; here S=number of signatures). PCA converts input image (image for face recognition) into face vector, then it converts into normalized face vector and thereby it verify weight vector of input image. Finally it compare weight vectors and thereby it verify the person. Face recognition bioscience is that the science of programming a laptop to acknowledge a personalitys face. once someone is listed during a face recognition system, a video camera takes a series of snapshots of the face and so represents it by a singular holistic code. once somebody has their face verified by the pc, it captures their current look and compares it with the facial codes already hold on within the system. The faces match, the person receives authorization; otherwise, the person wont be known. the prevailing face recognition system identifies solely static face pictures that just about specifically match with one among the photographs hold on within the information. once this image captured nearly specifically matches with one among the photographs hold on then the person is known and granted access. once this image of someone is significantly totally different, say, in terms of facial features from the photographs of that person that area unit already hold on within the information the system doesnt acknowledge the person and thence access are denied. The existing or ancient face recognition system has some limitations which may  be overcome by adopting new ways of face recognition: The existing system cannot tolerate variations within the new face image. It needs the new image to be nearly specifically matching with one among the photographs within the information which can otherwise end in denial of access for the individual. The performance level of the prevailing system isnt considerable. CONCLUSION The PCA method is an unsupervised technique of learning that is mostly suitable for databases that contain images with no class labels. PCA improve speed of face recognition by mapping higher dimensionality of face image into lower dimensionality. PCA provides best precision in face recognition process. In future we are planning to implement automation in security and automation in attendance by using this algorithm. We will try to get more efficiency and precision by combining this algorithm with other algorithms. We are planning to implement this algorithm for recognizing multi faces by combining this algorithm with other face recognition algorithms. REFERENCES: [1] A.S Syed navaz, T. Dhevi sri Pratap mazumdar â€Å"Face recognition using principle component analysis and neural networks† International Journal of Computer Networking, Wireless and Mobile Communications (IJCNWMC) ISSN 2250-1568 Vol. 3, Issue 1, Mar 2013, 245-256 [2] Lindsay I Smith â€Å"A tutorial on Principal Components Analysis†February 26, 2002 [3] Sasan Karamizadeh, Shahidan M. Abdullah, Azizah A. Manaf, Mazdak Zamani, Alireza Hooman â€Å" An Overview of Principal Component Analysis† Journal of Signal and Information Processing 2013, 4, 173-175 [4] Toshiyuki Sakai, M. Nagao, Takeo Kanade, â€Å"Computer analysis and classification of photographs of human face,† First USA Japan Computer Conference, 1972 [5] Yuille, A. L., Cohen, D. S., and Hallinan, P. W., Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates, Proc. of CVPR, (1989).

Ancient Greek Beliefs Of Religion And Death Differs From Other Culture :: essays research papers

Ancient Greek Beliefs of Religion and Death Differs From Other Cultures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How does the Ancient Greek beliefs of religion and death differ with the view of other cultural groups? Death, the way it is represented in Homer's book, The Odyssey, is always caused by human error. Whether their death was caused by greed, selfishness, or just being curious, many people died in The Odyssey. Still, the question of what happens after we die remains. Many religions have different beliefs of religious ideas from the Ancient Greeks. Afterlife, is a belief where the comparisons among religions become extremely close. The Greek beliefs of gods and death are different from the modern day beliefs of other religions such as Judaism and Ancient Egyptian beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, The Odyssey begins with a scene containing a conversation among the gods. The goddess Athena, goddess of war and wisdom, is discussing the matter of Odysseus with Zeus, the head god and god of sky (Homer 10). Of course these are not the only Greek gods and goddesses. Other examples of Greek gods and goddesses are Apollo, god of music, poetry, medicine, archery, and young unmarried men and Hestes, goddess of the home. As you can see, the Greeks believed in many gods unlike the people of the Jewish fate who believed in one god. The Jewish god does not have an emblem that which it is represented by. The belief is that the god is represented by everything. For example, members of the Jewish religion believe god is everywhere, in everything, and represented by everything they do. Another example of the religious differences is how Ancient Egyptians believed in idol gods which are gods represented in statues. Ancient Greek beliefs are different from those of other societies because of differences between how gods are represented in Judaism and Ancient Egyptian beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Equally important are the Ancient Greek views of death. Death caused by human error is widespread throughout the book. Human error is encountered in each one of Odysseus's adventures on his return home. The Kyklopes represented the greediness, selfishness, and uncilvilization of Odysseus's men. Odysseus fell asleep and his men unleashed a bag of bad winds, throwing them off path (Homer 315). Skylla and Kharybdis was a representation of death from nature when Odysseus's men stopped rowing and six of the men were killed. The Seirenes, with their beautiful singing voices represent suicide death. Hades, probably the most down to Earth adventure, represents time and fate. Many religions use time and fate as representations of why people die. Ancient Egyptians believed that when a person died, they were hand picked by god and therefore sacrificed.

Environmental Risk Assessment Of Pipelines Environmental Sciences Essay

The aims of this survey are to analyze the function of ESI for hiting the hazards posed by grapevines to the environment every bit good as to bespeak the hazard tonss in location-based maps. A comparative semi-quantitative attack based on land utilizations and High-Value Areas ( HVAs ) was carried out. A geographical information system ( GIS ) as a tool was employed to make fresh maps related to environmental hazards utilizing rational mathematical equations. The chief logic for utilizing the equations was the distance-based attacks and ESI every bit good as intersections. A hazard geographical map based on the ESIs and concluding hazard mark ( FRS ) is presented with consequences demoing that the most sensitive and bad country is an country comprised of Rhizophora mangle forested flora located in the grapevine locality. It is shown that mapping the hazards of grapevines with the applied method is of more dependability and convenience every bit good as comparative fullness in compari ng to show non-holistic methods for measuring the environmental hazards of grapevines. Hazard is the badness of the effects of a risky activity sing its chance of happening ( Jafari et al. , 2010a, B, degree Celsius, vitamin D ) . Pipeline failures can potentially do terrible amendss. Environmental hazard appraisal ( ERA ) involves the scrutiny of hazards ensuing from natural events ( deluging, utmost conditions events, etc. ) , engineering, patterns, procedures, merchandises, agents ( chemical, biological, radiological, etc. ) and industrial activities that may present menaces to ecosystems, animate beings and people ( Belluck and Sally, 2001 ; Anonymous, 2004 ) . Hazard directors may make up one's mind, for illustration, that estimated hazards are acceptable, and no action is required, or that hazards are excessively high and require redress, extenuation, ordinance, decrease, or prohibition ( Belluck and Sally, 2001 ) .1.2. Environmental sensitiveness index ( ESI )Environmental Sensitivity Indices ( ESI ) composed of many field-data is indispensable for monitoring an d control systems ( Schiller et al. , 2005 ) . Mok Kang ( 2002 ) has carried out a sensitiveness analysis of the Korean composite environmental index ( CEI ) by analyzing the CEIs computed by functional signifiers and those derived from sentiment studies, with a particular accent on the appraisal of weights of environmental indexs and subjects: the CEIs are based on environmental subjects and force per unit area indexs. NOAAaa‚ ¬a„?s ( National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ) Environmental Sensitivity Index ( ESI ) attack consistently compiles information in standard formats for coastal shoreline sensitiveness, biological resources, and human-use resources. ESI maps are utile for placing 47 sensitive resources before a spill occurs so that protection precedences can be established and cleanup schemes designed in progress. Using ESIs in spill response reduces environmental effects of the spill and killing attempts ( NOAA, 2008a ) . Environmental Sensitivity Ind ex ( ESI ) maps have been an built-in constituent of oil-spill eventuality planning and response since 1979, when the first ESI maps were prepared yearss in progress of the reaching of the oil slipperinesss from the IXTOC 1 good blowout in the Gulf of Mexico. Since that clip, ESI Atlass have been prepared for most of the U.S. shoreline, including Alaska and the Great Lakes Before 1989, traditional sensitiveness maps were produced as colour paper maps, with limited distribution ( because of the cost of reproduction ) , and without a agency for ready updating. However, since 1989, ESI Atlass have been generated from digital databases utilizing Geographic Information System ( GIS ) techniques. As the oil-spill response community moves towards development of machine-controlled sensitiveness maps, it is of import to specify what comprises the ESI function system and how this information is being developed and distributed utilizing GIS engineering ( NOAA, 2008b ) .1.3. ESI in grapevine ha zard appraisalFor the initial stages of hazard direction, a rigorous definition of environmentally sensitive countries might non be perfectly necessary. A working definition by which most people would acknowledge a sensitive country might do. Such a on the job definition would necessitate to turn to rare works and animate being home grounds, delicate ecosystems, impacts on biodiversity, and state of affairss where conditions are preponderantly in a natural province, undisturbed by adult male. To more to the full distinguish sensitive countries, the definition should besides turn to the ability of such countries to absorb or retrieve from taint episodes ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) . In the United States, a definition for high environmental sensitiveness includes intake locations for 70 community H2O systems, wetlands, riverine or estuarial systems, national and province Parkss or woods, wilderness and natural countries, wildlife saving countries and safeties, preservation countries, preceden ce natural heritage countries, wild and scenic rivers, land trust countries designated critical home ground for threatened or endangered species and federal and province lands that are research natural countries ( Stansbeny, 1995 ) . These country labels fit specific definitions in the US regulative universe. In other states, similar countries, possibly labeled otherwise, will no uncertainty be ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) , as it is so for Iran with more focal point on IUCN classs of protected countries. Shorelines can be particularly sensitive to grapevine spills. Specifically for oil spills, a superior system for impact to shore-line home grounds has been developed for estuarian, lacustrine, and riverian parts ( NOAA, 1994 ) . As an illustration of an appraisal 80 attack, an rating of a gasolene grapevine in the United Kingdom identified, weighted, and scored several critical factors for each grapevine section. The environmental evaluation factors that were portion of the hazard appraisal included ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) : Land screen type ; Distance to nearest lasting surface H2O ; Required surface H2O quality to prolong current land usage ; Conservation value ; Habitat preserves ; Habitats with longer lived biology ( forests, vineries, groves, gardens ) ; Slope ; Groundwater ; Rock type and likeliness of aquifer ; permeableness and deepness to bedrock every bit good as distance to groundwater extraction points. This appraisal included consideration of costs and troubles associated with reacting to a leak event. Points were assigned for each feature and so grouped into qualitative forms ( low, moderate, high, really high ) ( Morgan, 1995 ) . Schiller et al. , ( 2005 ) presented an algorithm which emulates human expert-decisions on the categorization of sensitiveness categories. This will allow the necessary regular updates of ESI-determination when new field informations become available utilizing automated 92 categorizations processs. Showing a survey on sensitiveness analysis, Hadid and Afra ( 2000 ) carried out a numerical sensitiveness analysis of the site 93 consequence on dynamic response of grapevines embedded in some idealised dirt sedimentations resting on a half infinite covering a broad scope of dirt profiles encountered in pattern and subjected to vertically propagating shear moving ridges. A paper described how HSE has piloted a Geographic Information System ( GIS ) by Brazier and Greenwood ( 1998 ) . To back up the adept determination doing procedure and to help in guaranting consistent responses within statutory deadlines. It considers both the advantages and disadvantages of a GIS over more conventional methods every bit good as possible developments such as the usage of population informations in sing social hazards, biological restraints and 3D terrain function.1.4. Equivalencies of receptorsA trouble in all hazard appraisals is the finding of a harm province on which to establish frequency-of-occurrence estimations. This is far ther complicated by the normal presence of several types of receptors, each with different exposures to a menace such as thermic radiation or taint. The overall trouble is sometimes addressed by running several hazard appraisals in analogue, each matching to a certain receptor or receptor-damage province. In this attack, separate hazard values would be generated for, as an illustration, human deaths, hurts, groundwater taint, belongings harm values, etc. The advantage of this attack is in gauging absolute hazard values. The disadvantage is the extra complexness in mold and subsequent determination devising. Another attack is to allow any particular exposure of any threatened receptor govern the hazard appraisal. There is a protocol for grouping assorted receptor impacts into three sensitiveness countries: normal, sensitive, and allergic. This was developed to execute an environmental appraisal ( EA ) of a proposed gasolene grapevine. Under this classification, an country was judged to be sensitive or allergic if any 116 one of the receptors is defined to be sensitive or allergic. This conservatively uses the worst instance component, but does non see cumulative effectsaa‚ ¬ † when multiple sensitive or allergic elements are present. A 3rd option in uniting assorted receptor types into a hazard appraisal is to set up equivalencies among the receptors: This attack might be more controversial because judgements are made that straight value certain types of receptor amendss more than others. Note, nevertheless, that the other attacks are besides faced with such judgements although they might be pushed to the determination stage instead than the assessment stage of hazard direction. This attack presents another possible marking strategy for some environmental issues and HVAs. In this strategy, the higher tonss represent higher effects. This establishes some equivalencies among assorted environmental and other receptors, including population denseness ( Muhlbauer, 2004 ) .

Comparing The Golden Pathway Annual to Blue Remembered Hills Essay

In the autumn term of 2006 I performed as Enid and The Head in The Golden Pathway Annual, a play by John Harding & John Burrows, for my scripted performance. The class was split into groups of three (which was very fitting as in The Golden Pathway Annual most scenes have only three characters, only the odd few scenes had four) and then given different extracts from the play. My group was exceptionally conscious in keeping the props, costumes and especially acting appropriate to the time period, so some brief research was done using the Internet to give us a better understanding of, for example, what statuses the mother and father would have in relation to each other, or what costumes should be worn. Obviously, a reading of the entire play was done prior to any rehearsals, so that the scenes that we would be performing made sense to us. We also read through Blue Remembered Hills, by Dennis Potter, as a class. The Golden Pathway Annual is almost completely non-naturalistic. The same actor plays Michael, the lead role, throughout all his ages – from the age of two-and-a-half into his adulthood. Also, two of the four actors play a range of characters, as opposed to one actor playing one character, as they would in a naturalistic play. At first glances, Blue Remembered Hills would seem to be a non-naturalistic play. Firstly, the characters are all children, whereas all the actors are adults, similar to The Golden Pathway Annual, where an adult actor would play the role of the child Michael. However, the scenarios in Blue Remembered Hills are completely naturalistic – everything that happens could happen in real life. In contrast, The Golden Pathway Annual has moments, such as the fantasy sequences, where Michael is a dog with members of the Famous Five, which are evidently not naturalistic. The other very naturalistic thing about Blue Remembered Hills is that the play is in ‘real-time’ – â€Å"one incident after another without the imposition or intervention of memory in the form of flashback† in Potter’s words. The play is set in one day, unlike The Golden Pathway Annual, which spans a time period of more than 20 years – there is even an instance in the beginning where the transition between two scenes indicates the change of several years, where a child had been born and raised to the age of two-and-a-half – not naturalistic in the slightest. The emotions in Blue Remembered Hills are very naturalistic. This is because the play shows realistic emotions and how the different characters would react, for instance when Donald dies towards the end, all the characters are â€Å"badly shaken†. If the emotions were non-naturalistic, such as in a comic style, the emotions would portray Donald’s death as humorous. The Golden Pathway Annual also has very naturalistic, touching moments, such as: Enid: What’s going to happen to us? George: When? Enid: When we die. Enid feels upset and slightly pessimistic now that Michael has left home, a natural reaction for a mother to feel. George, in the following lines, tries to be brave and attempts to convince Enid she’s â€Å"not talking sense† – an also natural thing for a husband to do. A noticeable difference between the two plays is the themes. The Golden Pathway Annual mainly has the theme of expectations, where Michael is pressured throughout his life, by his parents and by his school. He works hard, however this is only to find that all he worked for amounted to nothing. The main theme of Blue Remembered Hills is, in my opinion, childhood (other people may think differently – it depends on a person’s interpretation). The play goes through the emotions and activities of children, with an ending showing how all fun and games can end in catastrophe. Basing the two plays on their main themes, it could be said that they are divergent, however the two plays have other themes, which do relate the two of them. Nostalgia seems to be portrayed in both of the plays. A sense of looking back can be seen in both Dennis Potter’s and Ed Thomason’s (the director of the first The Golden Pathway Annual productions) introductions; â€Å"Every event in the script which had sparked off a personal memory, a moment of recognition for me, would do the same for an audience† (Ed Thomason). It is clear that The Golden Pathway Annual was written with the intention of nostalgia and Blue Remembered Hills was written using Potter’s memories. Both the plays similarly experience the theme of fantasy, however one experiences it naturalistically and the other non-naturalistically. Blue Remembered Hills has times when the children will imagine they are Indians and cowboys, for instance, running through the forest wailing and shooting each other with their imaginary guns. This is naturalistic, as the audience sees the children â€Å"playing pretend†. The Golden Pathway Annual has non-naturalistic fantasy sequences. Michael’s fantasies are much more like dreams – the audience views a dream where Michael is a dog or is James Bond; it is not Michael pretending he is James Bond. Although Blue Remembered Hills was written for television, a successful stage adaptation has been made of it. A problem posed by this, which is overcome in different ways, depending on the production, is the staging. There is a section towards the end where there are instant transitions between inside a barn and outside a barn. On television, this is easy to do, however on stage this is harder. Therefore, the staging must be unnatural – the stage could be split, for instance. This is alike to The Golden Pathway Annual, where the staging is very unnatural – such as in a scene I performed – a â€Å"Granny’s footsteps† scene, where Michael’s parents advance on him in the ironic fashion of this child’s game. As a group, we decided to stage it abstractly, similarly to the way Blue Remembered Hills would be staged. The Golden Pathway Annual is set during the 1940s and 1960s. Our group established this time period in many ways; one was the way the two parents related. I performed as Enid in a way that allowed George to be the more dominant character, reflecting on the main beliefs of that time, that men still seemed to be the â€Å"superior† gender. The Golden Pathway Annual begins just after the war, whereas Blue Remembered Hills is set during the war. It is interesting to see that just the two years changes the historic period entirely, making the two plays acted very differently. There is a similarity in time periods between the plays, and that is that the time period is a given circumstance – it is set, and cannot be changed. The reason Blue Remembered Hills cannot be changed is quite obviously as it is during the war, and the context of the play wouldn’t make sense without the time period. The time period in The Golden Pathway Annual is essential to the characters, plot and emotions; without the time period, the nostalgia of the play would be lost. In addition, the production notes stress the time period heavily. One difference I notice about the style of how the two plays are written is the freedom the writers allow for the production, and what given circumstances there are. Blue Remembered Hills seems to be more flexible with how the play can be performed. Potter gives an option of what Willie can be doing in the first scene, whereas Harding & Burrows have much more strict given circumstances, where the props, as examples, are much more set – the placing of the two chairs (which are the props that create the illusion of many other items in the play) is stated. Society and culture is a significant difference between the two plays. The Peters family in The Golden Pathway Annual is of working class. The family was hard-hit by the war – literally; their house was bombed and they lost â€Å"everything†. Society in the times of the beginning of when The Golden Pathway Annual is set had the popular belief that the future would get better, the high hopes due to the recent winning of the war. It was also believed that the young generation should make the best of what they have offered to them, a culture reflected deeply into Enid and George’s parenting, which is shown through all the pressure applied on Michael to do well at school and get good qualifications, so he can succeed in life. However, as the play progresses, we see that cultures change and Michael finds that â€Å"like the pound, his degree has devalued†. The class and culture are both very different in Blue Remembered Hills. The children spit, threaten and fight regularly in the play, something that Michael is never known to have experienced. Michael is always made presentable, as his parents believe that they need to fit in with the society. It is likely that the same case occurs in Blue Remembered Hills, however the culture is different – the entire town is likely to be of the â€Å"lower† agricultural class, working on the farms; the way the children behave is normal in the society they are in. It is clear that the upbringing of the children in Blue Remembered Hills is not to get a degree and do well in life and to better themselves, as Michael is in The Golden Pathway Annual; the children are parented in a sort of ‘the present matters’ mentality, in contrast to The Golden Pathway Annual where Enid and George have firm beliefs that it is the future that matters, and that everything is done for a child to better themselves in the future. In conclusion, I have learnt that although the two plays are very different in where they are set and the way the characters behave, similarities still lie in the themes and some of the styles, such as staging.

Most Effective Assessment And Teaching Techniques Article

Most Effective Assessment And Teaching Techniques Article Most Effective Assessment And Teaching Techniques – Article Example Most Effective Assessment and Teaching Techniques Teachers can only get the best out of their if they abandon the old-fashioned teaching techniques for modern methods. The techniques in this context refer to various actions as well conditions that teachers establish for facilitating learning activities (Laurillard 11). One area that requires modest techniques of teaching is lecturing. A good technique of administering lectures is by asking learners rhetorical questions. The professor can pause after every 10 minutes and encourage learners to note the answers. Another useful technique in lecturing is using guided lectures (Laurillard 64). In this case, students can listen to recorded lectures but they do not take notes. The instructor then gives the class around five minutes to record what they learn from the lecture. It is also necessary that the learners engage in discussion groups where they reconstruct the lecture by using supportive data to prepare complete notes and refer to the instructor for resolving questions that may arise. For teaching to be effective, the learners should be able to answer some mastery quizzes. Immediate mastery tests help learners to retain knowledge twice as much as they would have retained with normal learning procedures. Other effective learning techniques are the group discussions or group works (Laurillard 181). Learners can easily grab knowledge through short readings, case studies, role-play, and visual studies. Besides, encouraging critical thinking through thoughtful questions is a good way of improving the learnability of students. The instructor should engage students with descriptive as well as reflective questions. Other effective strategies are those that encourage active learning. A good technique for active learning is brainstorming where the teacher solicits ideas from the students. The instructor can supplement active learning with concept models. However, technology brings new teaching techniques like use of audi o-visual techniques as well as online learning that occurs outside the classroom (Laurillard 98). There are also clickers or systems for classroom responses where students record their answers, and the device gives instant results thereby encouraging class engagement. Moreover, podcasts have also proved useful in classrooms because they help students to revisit their learning activities.Work citedLaurillard, Diana. Rethinking university teaching: A conversational framework for the effective use of learning technologies. Routledge, 2013. Print.

Chromatography and Solvents Essay Example

Chromatography and Solvents Essay Example Chromatography and Solvents Paper Chromatography and Solvents Paper Chromatography is a method of separating compounds and mixtures so that they can be identified and analyzed. The word chromatography means color writing. There are many kinds of chromatography such as the thin layer chromatography, Partition chromatography, Column chromatography, and Paper chromatography. Chromatography is important in the analysis of processes and materials such as environmental contamination, food, drugs, blood, petroleum products, and radioactive fission products. It has many uses in the rapidly evolving biotechnology industry. The chromatography sorbents help purify problems in the production of drugs. Equipment used for chromatography is essential for chemical laboratories today. With these devices, scientists can identify chemical compounds in complex mixtures such as smog, cigar smoke, and even coffee aroma. Chromatography could be used to show how much of one substance there is in a mixture. Solvents are used to separate mixtures. Some solvents that we see every day are nail polish remover, water, rubbing alcohol, and vinegar. In chromatography, the components go through 2 phases called the mobile phase and stationary phase. The stationary phase may be solid, liquid, liquid supported on a solid, or gel. They may be packed in a column, spread as a layer, or distributed as a film. The mobile phase may be gaseous or liquid. In paper chromatography, the filter paper is the stationary phase and the solvent is the mobile phase. The separation is achieved when the solutes in the mobile phase and stationary phase results in different retention lines for the different chemical compounds. The chromatographic system consists of 3 components which are solvents, soluble, and sorbents. Solvents are used to dissolve solutes to form a solution. Not all solvents have to be liquid and not all solutes have to be solid. Higher temperatures of the solvent usually increase the dissolving of the solute. One exception to this is that the solubility of gas in liquid usually decreases with temperature. If the components of this system react chemically with each other than the inert substance dispersing the reactants is the inert solvent. Chemical reactions will also dissolve more solutes. Water is an excellent solvent for ionic substances. It breaks down the ionic crystals and separates the component ions form each other. The water molecules form shells around the ions and keep them far apart. Covalently bonded molecules like organic compounds don’t dissolve well in water. They dissolve well in organic solvents. Some alcohols have hydrogen bonds so they dissolve in water. Rubbing Alcohol is useful as an antifreeze compound and solvent. It contains methanol which is produced from natural gases. Methanol is made from mixing hydrogen and carbon monoxide at high temperatures and pressure. The boiling point increases due to hydrogen bonding that occurs between hydroxyl groups. Acetone is a colorless, flammable, explosive liquid that contains a characteristic odor that can be detected at very low concentrations. 2008). (Chemical compound: CH3COCH3) Used for making nail polish remover, model airplane, and glue. It belongs to a family known as ketones. Ketones are a compound with carbonyl group (carbon and oxygen bonded together) attached to 2 carbon atoms, made of two propane molecules. Acetone may be present in the human body but only in small concentrations. Diabetic patients may have larger amounts. Exposure to Acetone should be avoided because it causes irritation in the eyes and throat. The vinegar is an organic compound that contains up to 5% Acetic Acid (has chemical compounds CH3COOH) and 95% water. Acetic acid is a clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. It is soluble in alcohol, acetone, water, and other organic compounds. Vinegar has been used as a cleaning agent, printing of textiles, and as an acidifier to improve the flow of oil from wells. Neil Schlager (2006). Acetic acid is corrosive and prolonged exposure can cause irritation to throat, nose, and eyes. It can also cause headaches, confusion, chest tightness, and coughs. Salt (another name for NaCl sodium chloride) is made from a chemical reaction of an acid and a base. During this reaction, the acid and base are neutralized producing salt, water and heat. Lerner (2008). Table Salt (also NaCl) only has one positive ion. Salt is an important compound for preserving food and making soap. It is also very important in the making of chlorine and sodium. Water (H2O) is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen held together by polar covalent bonds. Its polarity causes it to form hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are an attraction between slightly positive H atoms in a polar molecule with the slightly negative side of another polar molecule. Water molecules form 5 hydrogen bonds and have a high specific heat. Water has a wicking property called capillary action. Capillary action is the force that draws water out of the roots of plants and into the stems and leaves. Analyzing ink is important questioned documents that might be forged. It could be used to identify inks in forged checks, wills, or altered records. Ink may look the same but they have very different chemical compositions. Ink is made up of a combination of pigments and dyes, oils, and resins. Some inks are even made of soybeans. Inks may be analyzed by a destructive or nondestructive test. The nondestructive is analyzed first and is better because it keeps the paper intact. Micro spectrophotometry is the main method of nondestructive testing. It scans the ink in infrared and ultraviolet light to record its wavelengths of light it absorbs. Thin layer chromatography is used for destructive testing. A tiny sample of ink paper is punched out and placed on a strip of paper with other ink samples. Then the strip is placed into a solvent but it’s placed where the sample ink is dry. The solvent is drawn up through capillary actions and the sample spots move up with it. The end result is a pattern of colored spots where you can compare it with others to make identification.

Coppin State University Admission Requirements, Tuition

Coppin State University Admission Requirements, Tuition Coppin State University Admissions Overview: To apply, students will need to send in a completed application, high school transcripts, and scores from either the SAT or ACT. A campus visit and tour are not required, but are strongly encouraged. Students interested in Coppin State should check out the schools website, and are welcome to contact the admissions office with any questions. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Coppin State University Acceptance Rate: 40%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 380 / 450SAT Math: 380 / 460SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 15  / 18ACT English: 15 / 20ACT Math: 15  / 18What these ACT numbers mean Coppin State University Description: Coppin State University occupies a 52-acre urban campus in West Baltimore, Maryland. The university has easy access to public transportation and the rest of the city. Undergraduates can choose from 53 Bachelors degree programs. Academics at Coppin are supported by a strong 14 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Coppin is a historically black university and part of the University System of Maryland. The majority of Coppin students come from the greater Baltimore area, and the university is heavily involved in the local community. In 1998 Coppin became the only university in the country to manage a public school when it took over Rosemont Elementary School. Coppin also operates a community medical clinic. On the athletic front, the Coppin State Eagles compete in the NCAA Division I  Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference  (MEAC). Popular sports include basketball, softball, bowling, tennis, track and field, and cross country. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 2,939  (2,507 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 23% Male / 77% Female75% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $7,438  (in-state); $13,168 (in-state)Books: $800 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,752Other Expenses: $3,386Total Cost: $21,376  (in-state); $27,106 (out-of-state) Coppin State University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 92%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 86%Loans: 65%Average Amount of AidGrants: $9,473Loans: $5,906 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Criminal Justice, Liberal Arts and Sciences, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 61%Transfer Out Rate: 23%4-Year Graduation Rate: 6%6-Year Graduation Rate: 17% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Baseball, Tennis, Track and Field, Basketball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Bowling, Softball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Tennis, Track and Field, Basketball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Coppin State, You May Also Like These Schools: Towson University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphForstburg State University: Profile  Clark Atlanta University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMorgan State University: Profile  Temple University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorth Carolina Central University: Profile  Virginia Union University: Profile  Norfolk State University: Profile  Delware State University: Profile  Hampton University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Answer questions on a scholarly article Assignment

Answer questions on a scholarly article - Assignment Example There are 7 parts in the main text, some of which contain several subheadings. Hence, the article has 3 headings dedicated to characteristics of each chosen research instruments. Also article provides abstract, which specifies purpose of the study. This part is the shortest one compared to others. Furthermore, there is a part called Methods. It has 3 subheadings, such as Sample, Instruments and Procedure and Data Analyses. With a help of these subheadings, it is very easy to identify what kind of information is represented in mentioned parts. The most important part of the article is named Results. Having also 3 subheadings, it reveals figures and explanations concerning disparity in scores between diagnostic groups. The last part, Discussion, is the longest one. It is divided into 5 sections, which present major conclusions in regard to each research method, limitations of the study and further recommendations. Article contains number of in-text citations that are mentioned in Introduction and Purpose part. However, the biggest cluster of references can be found in the first three parts that are dedicated to description of each research instrument. Hence, providing claims of various specialists, authors explain the gist of chosen methods, make examples and reveal importance of medical results. More frequently primary evidence within its analyses is presented through textual description providing relevant equations, final figures and conclusions concerning received indicators. In addition, article includes six tables, which help to structure information in clear and visual way. Authors use combination of parenthetical citations and paraphrasing. There are no any footnotes or endnotes in the article, bibliography of which is presented as a list of references after Appendix. Notes are located right after each quotation. In some parts there are

Social science research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Social science research - Assignment Example However, it has been seen that quantitative techniques are more preferred because of its scientific and logical approach. In order to explore the merits and demerits of quantitative and qualitative research forms, it becomes essential to under the primary difference in both the forms. Questionnaires are considered as a technique of quantitative research while observations and interviews are considered to be qualitative research techniques. However, there are alternatives to the above view. Sometimes interviews may be structured in such a way that it has ample scope of quantitative research. Interviews can help in collecting numeric data or answers may be coded in numerical. Likewise, surveys may have scope for responses that are open-ended in nature and thus, allow for comprehensive analysis. Qualitative and Quantitative techniques are significantly related with subjectivity and objectivity respectively. Therefore, several points have to be considered by a researcher before selecting a research technique. The researcher should understand that the selection of the appropriate technique depends on the objectives of the research (Punch, 2013). Qualitative research involves detailed and complete descriptions of any event. The data collected with the help of qualitative techniques help in the process of product design as it provides valuable insights related to needs of the user and behavioural patterns. Quantitative studies generally help to identify the characteristics or qualities of the object of research. The outcomes from the qualitative techniques cannot be encoded numerically (Berg & Lune, 2004). There are various advantages of qualitative research which makes it valuable for research practices. The strength of this technique proves helpful during various critical research analyses. The research methodology is not predefined. Qualitative research techniques

5 paragraphy report on Neoclassic & Romantic Periods Essay

5 paragraphy report on Neoclassic & Romantic Periods - Essay Example Neoclassicism looked for purity and control in art: boldly defined colors and re-workings of classical models from ancient Greece marked the best of Neoclassical art. Models and sculptures from Attica and Athens belonging to the fourth and fifth centuries were thought to be the ideal works that all artists should emulate and aspire for. Romantics, however, believed that true art was to be found in nature and the ‘common folk’ of the countryside. They held up novelty and individuality as supreme and rebelled against the oppressive, controlling forces of cultured society. The Neoclassicism movement began in France with the end of the ancient regime, or the old order of monarchy. Its preoccupation with Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism was associated with the ideals of heroism, clarity and stability that the Neoclassicists sought in their art. Napoleon Bonaparte used this style to embody his rule and enhance his image as a political leader. Jacques-Louis David, one of the most prominent Neoclassical painters, portrays in his Oath of the Horatii, an event that represented honor and self-sacrifice. Bonaparte emerged as a great patron for artists and sanctioned numerous triumphal arches to commemorate his victories. Arch of Titus is one of the prime examples of this trait of his. Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres’s painting of Napoleon in 1806 is another rich example of the art of this period: the red velvet, the gold and the ermine all engulf the emperor, a characteristic opulence of the neoclassicists. America’s revolt against her co lonizers and the consequent effort at breaking away from the ‘Georgian’ style led to an adoption of Neoclassical sentiments. This is exemplified in Thomas Jefferson who was immortalized by Jean-Antoine Houdon in a marble bust. Romanticism spread through West Europe and the USA in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It draws from the Gothic tradition, a longing for the

Consumer Behavior Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consumer Behavior - Case Study Example The performance of iPod in the market can even be considered by market researchers as considerably illogical due to the fact that its features are opposing the norms of normal market trends such as affordability and flexibility in features yet continuously controlling the market with a significantly high market share. Compared to other products such as Nokia, the iPod is relatively high end, being exclusive in the features and having a very distinct appearance and characteristics. Although the product is neither affordable nor flexible in the features, it is highly recognizable thus considered to have transcended to ‘cult status’ or have subculture of its own. 2. The iPod product then can be considered as an agent for shifting culture in terms of technology. Initially the iPod users can be described as a diverse group who undergo a certain influence which can result to a transformation to the group known as the iPod users who are proud and confident of the product they are using to the point of accessorizing the said products regardless of the need or the price of such activity. Due to the said effects brought about by the introduction of the iPod in the market, the tradition of listening to music had been introduced to a world of new possibilities and limitless capabilities. The continuous improvement of the iPod technology can even be observed currently with the introduction of new features such as iPhone and iTouch which are included in the growing power and coverage of the iPod

Gender issues in the real world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender issues in the real world - Research Paper Example In three decades, the field of feminist psychology has grown in leaps and bounds, including coming with many methodological innovations. Feminist psychology has been an all-encompassing endeavour drawing from various areas of psychology, intellectualism and also a wide spectrum of feminist views and perspectives (Marecek, 2001). So she sets out in her study to look at this area and this she does by conducting a very wide and impressive literature review, looking at publications, studies, reviews and documents that discuss the area of psychology and gender. The conclusion, according to the study, is that in the past three decades, there have been many approaches adopted in studying women. The first is the most traditional study of the differences between the genders, which looks at the attributes and characteristics of each of the genders. The second approach looks more at the contextual nature of gender, recognizing that gender differences do not occur in a vacuum but in a continuum that includes social relations, interactive processes and language which form the structure of relations between men and women. The third one views the psychology in a more cultural context and draws on how they work together. Psychology Today Magazine Article This article looks at the psychological study of the differences in brain functioning between men and women. It looks at the work done by pre-eminent researchers who have done a lot of work on the differences between the male brain and the female brain (Kanazawa, 2008). The article, which appears in web version of Psychology Today magazine shows that the major difference between the male and female brain is that whereas the male brain is more concerned with systemizing tendencies and mechanistic thinking while the female brain is more concerned with empathizing tendencies and mentalistic thinking. This therefore means that the male brain is more concerned with understanding how things work out and tries to figure out how a sys tem works and what rules determine how it will work. In contrast the female brain identifies with the other person’s emotions and thoughts and seeks out to understand them and how best to connect with his or her emotions. The article goes on to explain that the current versions of the male and female brains has been caused by the sexual evolution of the two â€Å"types† of brains, with the men’s brain development being more linked to competition and the need to be the provider and the hunter and gatherer with all the aggressive tendencies that is required by all these activities. The women’s brains on the other hand evolved with the different tasks of mothering and the need to bond and emotionally connect with infants who are unable to work and the need to link up emotionally with others and make friends and allies in new environments, which happens when they enter into marriage. The article finally shows how these evolved male and female brains manifest themselves in different ways, with the men often spending their time in relationships trying to figure out how their girlfriends work while the women are more concerned with the emotional side of the relationships and tend to try and relate with rather than figure out how their boyfriends’ brains work. Comparison of the Study and the Article

Are gun control policies effective or ineffective Essay

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Gender issues in the real world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender issues in the real world - Research Paper Example In three decades, the field of feminist psychology has grown in leaps and bounds, including coming with many methodological innovations. Feminist psychology has been an all-encompassing endeavour drawing from various areas of psychology, intellectualism and also a wide spectrum of feminist views and perspectives (Marecek, 2001). So she sets out in her study to look at this area and this she does by conducting a very wide and impressive literature review, looking at publications, studies, reviews and documents that discuss the area of psychology and gender. The conclusion, according to the study, is that in the past three decades, there have been many approaches adopted in studying women. The first is the most traditional study of the differences between the genders, which looks at the attributes and characteristics of each of the genders. The second approach looks more at the contextual nature of gender, recognizing that gender differences do not occur in a vacuum but in a continuum that includes social relations, interactive processes and language which form the structure of relations between men and women. The third one views the psychology in a more cultural context and draws on how they work together. Psychology Today Magazine Article This article looks at the psychological study of the differences in brain functioning between men and women. It looks at the work done by pre-eminent researchers who have done a lot of work on the differences between the male brain and the female brain (Kanazawa, 2008). The article, which appears in web version of Psychology Today magazine shows that the major difference between the male and female brain is that whereas the male brain is more concerned with systemizing tendencies and mechanistic thinking while the female brain is more concerned with empathizing tendencies and mentalistic thinking. This therefore means that the male brain is more concerned with understanding how things work out and tries to figure out how a sys tem works and what rules determine how it will work. In contrast the female brain identifies with the other person’s emotions and thoughts and seeks out to understand them and how best to connect with his or her emotions. The article goes on to explain that the current versions of the male and female brains has been caused by the sexual evolution of the two â€Å"types† of brains, with the men’s brain development being more linked to competition and the need to be the provider and the hunter and gatherer with all the aggressive tendencies that is required by all these activities. The women’s brains on the other hand evolved with the different tasks of mothering and the need to bond and emotionally connect with infants who are unable to work and the need to link up emotionally with others and make friends and allies in new environments, which happens when they enter into marriage. The article finally shows how these evolved male and female brains manifest themselves in different ways, with the men often spending their time in relationships trying to figure out how their girlfriends work while the women are more concerned with the emotional side of the relationships and tend to try and relate with rather than figure out how their boyfriends’ brains work. Comparison of the Study and the Article

Information Technology as an Element of Competitive Advantage Essay

Information Technology as an Element of Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Logistics management is an integrating function that coordinates the entire activities in logistics, together with logistic activities related to other functions such as marketing, finance, sales manufacturing and information technology (Long 2003, p.12). There are a number of components in logistics management, since it covers the entire business supply chain. Transportation logistics is one of the most discussed parts in these supply chain management. How a firm moves its goods from a certain location to a different one can have a monumental impact on the general performance (Long 2003, p.10. In a number of cases, this sector of the supply chain becomes given to a third party that deals in the transportation. This enables a business to manage all the seasonal and market demand changes, reducing the desire to hire and fire workers based on the business cycles. Nevertheless, transportation is just but a piece of logistics. There exist sectors in supply chain that get governed by this logistic management. These are; warehousing, supply, order fulfillment, transportation and also customer service (Long 2003, p.11). Supply Supply majors with the capability of securing goods or even raw materials that will later get sold to the consumer as finished goods. Running an appropriate supply requires considerable forecasting in demand, and the sound understanding of the minimum requirements in production to turn to profits (Long 2003, p.10). All the buyers based in the purchasing department, are solely responsible for getting the necessary raw material or goods, for the best available price and having the products in their possession when needed. Firms should have knowledge of the trends in the market to predict the supply that people will need, and to use this information to manage raw materials for the production of goods in order to meet the high demand. Manufacturers find this sector of the supply chain a little complex (Long 2003, p.11). They can employ a few vendors to make sure they will always locate all the raw materials the firm requires. They should always be aware of the lag times for these raw materials to reach their base. If any raw material takes three months to arrive from the date of purchase or order, the business should have not less than a three month supply on hand (Long 2003, p.14). The suppliers should be at all times monitored and counted. Transportation The transportation logistics does not only apply to the acquisition of raw materials and goods to the warehouse, but to supply all the retail locations (Long 2003, p.15). In other instances, the sales force moves with the goods at hand in a way to different retail stores, as with beverages and snacks. In a number of instances, leading retailers get shipments of goods from these warehouses. Where the movement of goods takes freight through country borders or state lines, management in logistics should address compliance with the set regulations whether local, federal and even international. Vehicles that get registered improperly or failure to reach the Transportation Department regulations can totally spoil a firm’s ability to transport goods when required (Long 2003, p.16). Such delays lead to additional costs as other third parties must become hired to take the goods where they should be on time. This is also a reason as to why a number of

Managing change in the British Airways

Managing change in the British Airways Contemporary business firms face unique opportunities and challenges in their search for survival and growth. British Airways, the UKs flag carrier airline, has constantly had to deal with numerous external and internal challenges, ever since its formation in 1974. BA has suffered harsh financial losses during 2009 and 2010; its cumulative net losses for the two years amount to around 800 million GBP. The organisational management recognises the need to bring in a significant strategic change in order to grow and improve its market share and competitive advantage. The companys change initiatives, however, face numerous obstacles. This report examines the need for strategic change at British Airways. This is followed by discussions on the requisites for successful organisational change, the barriers faced by the corporation in bringing about such change, and recommendations on the way forward. 1.1. Overview Modern day organisations face unprecedented opportunities and challenges in their quest for business success and competitive advantage. Environmental change of astonishing and global dimensions has changed the landscape of contemporary business (Hughes, 2006, p 14). Such environmental change, which commenced in earnest after the Second World War with the decolonisation of huge populations, accelerated in later years with the growth and subsequent collapse of the Soviet bloc, the reunification of Germany, the formation of the European Union, economic liberalisation across developing countries, the emergence of China and India as economic and political powers, astonishing developments in technology, and of course globalisation (Hughes, 2006, p 14). Whilst changes in global environmental conditions and advances in science and technology opened up numerous opportunities to business organisations, they also resulted in the creation of numerous challenges that threatened the operations and the very existence of established business firms (Hughes, 2006, p 14). Much of the modern day challenges to business organisations come from intensified competition, the emergence of numerous new products and substitutes, the development of equal quality but low-cost production and service centres in the emerging economies and from technological advances (Henry, 2008, p 44). The Japanese focus on fuel efficient small cars, pulled the rug from beneath the feet of huge automobile makers like General Motors and Ford, dethroning them from their positions of undisputed global leaders of the automobile sector (Henry, 2008, p 44). Low cost mining of Rare Earth Metals in China led to the closing of mines of such metals in the US and other countries and to concentration of 97% of global production of Rare Earth Metals in China (Areddy, 2010, p 11). Liberalisation of travel and free movement of people across the world for purposes of business and travel resulted in the emergence of low cost airlines like Ryan Air and Easy Jet in the UK and others in different par ts of the world, causing body blows to established airline giants like British Airways, Air France, and Swiss Air, some of which, (like Swiss Air), closed shop (Lynch, 2006, p 52). British Airways, the flag carrier airline of the UK has constantly faced external and internal challenges, ever since its inception in the early 1970s (British Airways, 2011, p 1). Formed by the coming together of BOAC, BEA, Cambrian Airways and North East Airlines in 1974, the organisation worked as a public sector corporation for 13 years until it was privatised by UKs Conservative government in 1987 (British Airways, 2011, History). British Airways (BA) has had to face numerous environmental challenges in its history, both as a public and as a private sector carrier. Such challenges have occurred on account of reasons like intense competition from other airlines in its domestic and global operations, erosion of market share on account of entry of low cost airlines, global terrorism, pandemics like SARS and Bird Flu, and natural calamities (British Airways, 2011, Annual Reports). The terrorist strikes of September 11, 2001, resulted in a huge downturn in local and international tra vel, resulting in the collapse of numerous airlines and in significant financial losses (approximately 200 million GBP in 2002) for British Airways, which lost (British Airways, 2011, Annual Report 2002). The volcanic explosion in Iceland, which resulted in ash filled skies and disruption of flights in early 2010, also resulted in significant revenue losses (Milmo, 2010, p 1). The last two years, 2009 (losses of 400 million GBP before taxes) and 2010 (losses of 530 million GBP before taxes) have been truly alarming for the organisation (Milmo, 2010, p 1). It also needs to be realised that whilst thousands of shareholders enthusiastically subscribed to the companys shares at the time of its privatisation, they have gained very little, by way of dividends or market value appreciation, in the last 24 years (Hosking, 2009, p 1). The management of British Airways recognises the need for the Airline to change significantly in response to various environmental challenges in order to grow and enhance market share and competitive advantage. A number of change initiatives have also been introduced by the company in various strategic and operational areas with varying degrees of success. 1.2. Objective This report examines the need for strategic change at British Airways. Such examination is followed by discussions on the requisites for successful organisational change and the barriers faced by the corporation in bringing about such change. The report closes with a section on recommendations and conclusions. 2. Strategic Change at British Airways Modern day organisations, as discussed in the preceding section, need to change on account of various internal and external environmental reasons, in order to achieve organisational growth, enhance productivity and profitability, and enhance competitive advantage (Cameron Green, 2004, p 31). Such strategic change could be needed to exploit new opportunities as well to obtain protection from threats. Such strategic change could also be necessary to break out from existing conditions of financial distress or operational or strategic deficiencies (Cameron Green, 2004, p 31). The importance of bringing about strategic change has been emphasised by numerous management academics and experts, who have repeatedly addressed its importance for modern day organisations (Cameron Green, 2004, p 31). Peter Drucker in fact drives the point home by stating that it is the responsibility of every responsible manager to constantly search for ways in which he or she can beneficially contribute to the process of strategic change (Stein, 2010, p 7). Whilst organisations clearly have to engage in strategic change, if not out of choice than out of necessity, their track record of success in its realisation is poor (Balogun, 2001, p 2). Many senior managements fail to understand that implementation of strategic change, i.e. the conversion of plans to reality, constitutes the most difficult part of the change process (Balogun, 2001, p 2). Such change can become possible only when individuals working in organisations change their behavioural ways and patterns and align them with new strategic objectives (Balogun, 2001, p 2). Strategic change is not new to BA. Numerous case studies detail BAs success in change management. The organisation engaged in strategic downsizing by practically 40% in 1981 and 1983 (Docshare, 2009, pp 27 to 30). Privatisation in 1987 called for the bringing about of significant cultural change. The adoption of the Putting People First programme in the 1980s aimed to align organisational working with new competitive realities and modify the behaviour of customers, who were deserting the airline in droves (Docshare, 2009, p 36). Recent years have also witnessed a number of change initiatives, primarily in response to intense competition by low cost carriers like Ryan Air and Easy Jet and altered customer expectations. The commissioning of Terminal 5 at Heathrow, which encountered significant negative publicity in account of opening day operational goof-ups, is one such example. The company is currently operating with a multi-pronged business strategy that includes (a) up gradation of customer experience, (b) modernisation of aircraft fleet, (c) offering new services, (d) managing its cost base and (e) increasing corporate social responsibility in areas of environment (British Airways, 2011, Annual Report 2008, Chairmans Speech).Whilst this report does not deal with an elaborate strategic analysis of the company, the most important factors about its internal and external environment, as well as its current performance are bulleted below. The organisation operates in an environment of intense regulation and heightened security because of terrorist threats. Its sales revenues and profitability are under threat because of the global economic crisis, slow projected global economic growth, the weakening of the pound, and oil prices, which have started soaring again. With the population of its home market ageing steadily, the organisation will be under stress to achieve the same amount of revenues from existing customers. With passengers becoming increasingly aware and vocal about their rights and expected service levels, BA continues to be under pressure on account of underperformance in areas of cancelled flights and poor baggage handling. The management and the cabin crew union are in direct confrontation with each other. The organisation has suffered severe financial losses during the last two years; with cumulative net losses for 2009 and 2010 near 800 million GBP. The organisations biggest threat, now and in the coming years is in the area of revenues, sales, costs and profits. With competition likely to intensify and global economic growth forecasted to be low, the company urgently needs to engage in activities for improving its financial viability (Milmo, 2010, p 1). Cost management and reduction is a critical element of organisational strategy. Whilst all airlines are equally affected by fluctuations in fuel costs, large economic and passenger movement trends, terrorism and global political instability, BAs labour and workforce costs are significantly higher than its competitors (Carley, 2009, p 1). It is relevant to note in this context that BA employees earn more than 2 times the remuneration earned by Virgin Air workers (Robertson, 2009, p 1). BA has adopted a strategy of cost management and reduction to overcome these financial challenges. Whilst the organisation is still financially strong, further periods of poor performance could well strain its financial resources (Carley, 2009, p 1). The major area of cost reduction relates to remuneration and employment terms of its employees, especially its cabin crew. 3. Change Management Strategies Whilst BAs immediate and imperative change strategy focuses on the critical area of financial viability, the route is extremely challenging because of its need for considerable employee sacrifice. It needs to be appreciated that the organisation has initiated a number of other strategic changes to improve customer satisfaction and satisfaction, including the commissioning of terminal 5 at Heathrow, (McGinn, 2009, p 2), and the need to achieve financial viability has now assumed important dimensions. Change management theories focus on three important dimensions, namely (a) the planning and implementation of the change process, (b) the involvement of the organisation in the proposed strategic change, and (c) the role of leadership in the change process for bringing about of successful strategic change (Hayes, 2006, p 71). Both Lewin and Kotter stress upon the need to implement change in a planned process that takes the organisation from its current stage to its desired state through clearly demarcated phases. Lewin states that change management can be best achieved through the planned application of three phases, namely unfreezing, implementing of change and refreezing the organisation in its new state through institutionalisation of implemented changes (Lewin, 2005, p 9). Kotter, whilst basically following Lewins theory, feels that the process can be better achieved through the implementation of change in 7 stages (Kotter, 1996, p 7). Change management experts secondly call for the committed involvement of organisational staff for the successful implementation of strategic change proposals (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). Many proposed strategic changes can result in resistance from organisational employees on account of causes like (a) incomplete knowledge of the proposed change, (b) ignorance about change objectives and benefits, (c) lack of belief in change benefits, and (d) change associated threats to the individual and collective wellbeing of organisational employees (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). Whilst ignorance about the nature and objectives of change can be set right through appropriately designed and powerful communication, tackling change related threat perceptions of employees is totally another matter (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). Such threat perceptions could arise because of apprehensions about (a) change in working condition, (b) change in terms of employment, (c) change in location, (d) requirement to tak e up new functions, (e) need to learn new skills, (f) loss of remuneration, and (g) loss of employment (Bovey Hede, 2001, p 373). The third critical factor in bringing about successful strategic change concerns the role of organisational leaderships (Hayes, 2006, p 78). Organisational leaders must clearly outline the proposed strategic changes, communicate the change objectives and the reasons for such change to organisational members, and bring about intense involvement of organisational employees in the change process (Hayes, 2006, p 78). Such involvement is essentially done by leading from the front and through visible commitment to the change process. Effective leaders identify and encourage change champions throughout the organisation to support the change process, engage in constant and transparent communication about the benefits of change and obtain he support of the overwhelming majority of organisational employees to the change process (Hayes, 2006, p 78). 4. Barriers to Change at British Airways BA has asked individual employees to accept temporary earning reductions and has engaged in negotiations with unions for pay cuts, alterations in employment terms, and reduction in its workforce. The companys management asked employees in June 2009 to work without basic pay for a maximum period of 4 weeks over six months, take a year of unpaid leave, and change from fulltime to part time employment for a period that could stretch up to a year. It is proving to be difficult to bring about strategic changes for effecting reduction in employee costs at the airline because of intense opposition by well organised and united cabin crew members to proposed changes (Carley, 2009, p 1). Whilst BAs pilots have agreed to some reduction in remuneration, the cabin crew has strongly opposed the changes and has constantly threatened to take industrial action if such changes are implemented (Carley, 2009, p 1). Effective strategic change, it is accepted, is difficult to implement without employee involvement and participation. Organisational leaderships try to bring about such involvement through communication, creation of awareness and training. The involvement and agreement of even a significant proportion of employees in the change process, along with constructive empathy for employees likely to be adversely affected by the change process, helps organisations to implement change processes that include termination, salary reduction and downsizing. It is necessary to understand that BAs cabin crew, whose agreement and involvement is important for effecting strategic change, are strongly united in their opposition to organisational plans and strategies (Neilcaff, 2011, p 1). The strength of their unity has been evidenced in the past when their strikes have resulted in significant stoppages and financial losses (Neilcaff, 2011, p 1). The last two years have been marked by intense confrontation between the management and the cabin crew on this issue, with no constructive result. The first half of the current year has been spent in the shadow of a proposed strike during the Easter holidays (Neilcaff, 2011, p 1). Some part of this problem can also be attributed to the current organisational leadership at British Airways. The leadership style of Willie Walsh, the existing CEO could also be a barrier to the change process. Walshs autocratic and uncompromising style is not encouraging employee stakeholders to acknowledge and embrace the required change. Other leaders, like Schultz at Starbucks, have been more successful at driving change programmes. 5. Recommendations and Conclusions The course of urgently required strategic change at British Airways is being thwarted by constant stand-offs between the management and employee unions, even as the organisation continues to be buffeted by a difficult competitive environment, soaring fuel prices and intense competition. It is relevant to note that the principal owners of the organisation, i.e. the shareholders, have received little benefits over the years, even as two sets of agents, the management and the employees, have obtained significant financial benefits and continue to wrangle over their individual interests and egos. It would appear to be opportune for shareholder organisations and even the government to step in, appoint neutral experts, obtain suggestions for strategic change, and push such measures through, even at the risk of industrial action and financial losses. The failure to take firm action and drive change forward could well have catastrophic repercussions for the company.

How Global Warming Will Affect Human Health Essay -- Geology

How Will Global Warming Affect Human Health? Introduction: Certain threats to human health loom larger with rising temperatures. Extremely hot temperatures can cause heat illnesses and loss of life. Several vector borne diseases only occur in warm areas, and an increase in temperature could mean a spread of these diseases to larger areas. Also, warm temperatures can increase levels of air pollutants, including ozone, which can harm human health. Direct Effects: The most direct way that a rise in global mean temperature will affect human health is through a more frequent occurrence of heat waves. Heat can seriously harm or even kill during a heat wave. Extremely high temperatures push the human body beyond its capacity to cool itself through perspiration. Usually, the body perspires and is cooled through the evaporation of that perspiration. In conditions with extremely high temperatures and humidity levels, evaporation slows and the body has to work harder to cool itself. The elderly, the young, the overweight, and the infirm are vulnerable to heat stroke, as are people who have been overexposed to the heat, or have over-exercised for their age and physical condition. Men are more susceptible to heat illnesses than women, because they sweat more and dehydrate more quickly. The problem is exacerbated in urban areas because asphalt, concrete, and other manmade materials absorb a lot of light and reradiate it as infrared radiati on, which raises the temperature of the air. In a normal year, about 175 Americans die from extreme heat related illnesses, but that number could rise tremendously in response to global warming. Studies based on heat wave mortality statistics estimate that in Atlanta, even... ...w.epa.gov/airnow/health/ Fema. "Extreme Heat Backgrounder." http://www.fema.gov/library/heat.htm Greenpeace. "Global Warming May Spread Infectious Diseases." http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/database/records/zgpz0707.html Hall, Mike. "Ground Level Ozone." http://www.bol.ucla.edu/~mjhall/glo/ Living Planet. "Emerging Infectious Diseases." http://livingplanet.org/climate/climate_docs/health_factsheet/emerging.htm Myers, David G. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers, 1998. Nasa. "Islands in the (Air) Stream." http://science.msfc.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/essd01may98_1.htm The University of Edinburgh. "What effects can the environment have on health?" http://www.med.ed.ac.uk/HEW/env/introeh.html Washington State Department of Health. "High Levels of Ozone Pose Health Risks." http://www.doh.wa.gov/Publicat/98_News/98-68.html

Edgar Allan Poe :: essays research papers

Absence of Beauty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe sees evil as a living threat to man because he lives in its presence. Parallel with the tragedies in his own life relating to the deaths of his young mother, wife and others he loved in his life. It is no wonder that he sees the absence of beauty as evil, because he felt the terror and tragedy of the loss of his own life. In his stories he illustrates how the absence of beauty is the essence of evil. In “The Tell Tale Heart'; when the old man’s eyes is closed he would not be killed because his eye is not considered ugly. That is why each night the man goes into his room to see if the eye is open. “… but I found the eye always closed; and so it was impossible to do the work; for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye.';(139) The eye when open represents the ugliness of the old man. When that ugliness is present, beauty is gone and evil is present. The ugliness of the old man’s open eye is the cause for his killer to kill him because evil is present and beauty is no where to be found.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In “The Fall of the House of Usher'; Madeline is beautiful once she gets sick her brother, Roderick, gets sick and everything seems to fall apart. Madeline’s beauty had kept the evil down and covered up. As Madeline gets sicker and sicker it gets worse and worse. Finally when Madeline dies beauty no longer exists Roderick goes crazy and everything is destroyed because beauty was not there to cover up all the evil that they possessed. The absence of beauty caused all evil to break loose. The house collapses and Roderick is destroyed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In “The Black Cat'; the cat to him was beautiful and precious. “This latter was a remarkably large and beautiful animal, entirely black, and sagacious to an astonishing degree.';(12) Beauty is what one person sees through his own eyes. “The cat followed me down the steep stairs, and nearly throwing me headlong, exasperated me to madness.';(18) Once he saw that the cat was no longer beautiful it causes him to murder his wife because all his evil was hidden and once that beauty that he saw died and became none existing everything he was hiding especially his evil side came out caused him to kill.

Family Honor

Family honor is romeo and juliet is represented by the constant attempts to preserve family pride from both houses. This defense and pride causes many deaths and deeper problems that are passed down from generation to generation. In the first scene of romeo and juliet, the montagues and capulets come across each other, and because of the deep rooted hatred they have for each other's fmilies, they taunt one another and begin to fight. This fight worsens the already tarnished relationship the two houses share. Tybalt, a capulet, holds a strong place in defending his family's honor. It is so strong that he even enjoys it. Like Tybalt, the Montegues are fueled by their hatred for one another. What they don't realize is that this hatred only challenges each other's family honor. Family honor is not always such a negative thing. This can similarly occur outside fiction as well. In my family, there has been little representation of family honor. For example, moving around at such a high rate, we have been unable to develop feuds with other families. There were bits of family honor in my life. At school I was against telling anyone details about what was going on in my home life in an attempt to protect and defend my family's honor. This often was unsuccessful. Though, the type of family honor show in my life differed from the family honor shown in Romeo and Juliet. All in all, there is a distinct representation of famly honor in Romeo and juliet. This honor can also be shown in real life. This completely depends on the family and what family honor means to them. For me, family honor is not a huge factor in my life. This does not mean I do not have family pride. I cannot relate much to romeo and juliet.

5 Minute Sppech

Does the thought of writing and delivering a speech terrify you? Most people share your fear. But why remain scared of public speaking when the solution to this age old problem is so simple? Follow these simple speaking tips and you'll be ready to present a decent speech next week. First, take a deep breath and relax your mind. Your challenge is to speak to an audience about a topic that you know something about. In other words, you will be sharing your knowledge in a conversational manner with people who are interested in what you have to say. Second, break down the elements of your speech.A simple technique to use in your opening is the Attention Grabber Question. Ask the audience a question that will force them to respond either aloud or to themselves. This will get people involved with your topic and provide you with the positive feedback you need to share a quality message. Decide on three main body points that you want to cover. You may even choose three stories or anecdotes to use as the body points. That will make audience sharing even easier. The goal is to make you feel like you're telling a story to a friend. The only difference is that you're telling the story to ten, twenty, fifty or one hundred friends!Finally, your conclusion must challenge, issue a call to action, or motivate your audience to do something positive with the information that you've just shared. The conclusion is the most frequently abused piece of a speech. The speaker typically hurries to finish and leaves out a profound bit of wisdom that the audience needs and wants. Speaker Beware – Don't try to memorize your speech word for word. If you lose your place and grasp for the exact word that makes up your script, you may draw a mind blank and panic. Let's look at a simple speech topic that can quickly be developed into a complete presentation.Suppose you want to talk about container gardening. An Attention Grabber Question might be, â€Å"How many of you have a green thumb? â€Å"Well neither did I until I started dropping plants into pots. † Audience members will either answer yes or no to the green thumb question. You have their involvement at this point in the beginning. Your three main body points may feature three different types of plants you have successfully grown in containers. For added impact, show pictures of your work or bring a sample of your passion for gardening. Props always add another dimension to your presentations. Let your excitement about the topic fuel your words.In the conclusion, simply tell the audience how easy it is to begin container gardening. You may even give them resources to explore for more information. This leaves the audience members with valuable advice that they can use after leaving the room. For beginning orators, consider taking a three by five note card to the lectern. The card should only feature the Attention Grabber Question, the three main body points, and the profound conclusion that sends the au dience home feeling content and fulfilled. Glance at the card only to keep order. Make an effort to look at each audience member.Use a sweeping eye movement so that you're sharing the information with everyone in the room. As you gain confidence as a speaker, you can experiment with hand gestures, vocal variety and body movement. These skills will develop with practice. When you get that next speech assignment, decide to share and not recite your wisdom. Break down the elements of the presentation. Don't let the project overwhelm you. Make sure you give the audience members something to take home. You are offering some information that they can use. With a positive, sharing attitude, you can knock out a quality presentation in only 5 – 7 minutes!

Britannica online

The early explorers are reported to have found wild cotton growing in the lowlands of Mississippi river and its tributaries that was generally regarded as the birth of cotton culture in America (Hunter p. 1918,pg1-50). The cotton growing in South and U. S gain precedent with the invention of the cotton gin in 1973 by Ely Whitney. The machine enabled quick processing of cotton as the cotton fiber would easily be separated from the seeds.The new revolution in agriculture came with slavery, since the success of plantation farming based on labor intensive techniques was directly linked to how a landowner was to procure workers(Britannica online. 2008). In Georgia, the whites bought slaves in large numbers. So, this expectation of a bumper cotton crop in the region ,not only changed the state's agricultural practice but also resulted in enslavement of thousands of people (New Georgia Encyclopedia). This geared up to a hike of demand for slave on the international slave trade.And as a resu lt, slavery and cotton had a great influence on the states that left indelible marks on international scene. The demand for cotton in domestic U. S resulted in developed, vast transportation networks that connected the farms,rivers and on to major ports. Though during the early days before the cotton boom of 18300s, the class difference was fused, the whites worked together with blacks, who comprised most the slavery gang of the plantations. Countries in central Georgia were transformed from slave to free labor. The ready market provided by Britain textile industries for the U.S cotton earned the country much foreign exchange. By 1920s, cotton products contributed to more than 50% of the U. S exports(Gieser James. 2004. New Georgia Britannica,). Cotton generally controlled agrarian economy of the south. The large southern cotton plantations were much profitable. The high earnings from cotton industry not only provided the economy with required foreign exchange but also resulted in a beefed power and influence on foreign affairs as the case of the south confederates. They became confident in power and influence of the king cotton,because it contributed to more than half of the U.S exports before the civil war. The southern confederates boasted that the importance of cotton would result into diplomatic recognition on the international scene and from the federal government, a recipe of the civil war (Gieser James. 2004. New Georgia Britannica). The overall growth of cotton production in Georgia between 1825 and 1860 was about 10 % and the southeast parts of the country were much preferred because they were seen as the great cotton regions that could yield the country a lot of sales from the high production that was accepted.The sustained increase in cotton production in the south of Georgia between these years led to change in population of America tremendously. In 1850 the US was seen as the greatest exporter of cotton and did a lot of manufacturing of cotton pr oducts that was more than the Great Britain industry(Hunter P,1918,pg 1-50). The cotton exports to Britain, marked the new era of industrial revolution in great Britain, this spread rapidly to other places and to U. S after the civil war in the country.There was sprout of new cities like Dallas and Phoenix that were transformed to modern urban bases,they grew rapidly as market and collection centers and manufacturing plants. Phoenix provided market for cotton needed for use in clothing,tires and fabric industries. However, the cotton farming in the south and U. S had a negative contribution to the spheres of life, in that,the immigrants from Europe and Africa flocked American cities to seek employment opportunities in manufacturing plants. This resulted to a surge in population and the creation of a class economy, where the whites were mostly employers for black slave gang.This, magnified economic slavery in states. The boast of power and influence by the confederates especially the southern confederates, was a precursor to the country's civil war and subsequently had a great influence on the political scene of the states. Political movements were formed that resulted in democratic struggles in the country. This marked the birth of democracy and the end of dark era of slavery in the states. Although cotton farming in South and USA depicted her negatively as a result of slave trade activities, it had a tremendous influence on economic,social and political scenes of the countries.It led to expanded sphere of influence by the U. S as she dominated cotton market. Most of the cities like Dallas and Phoenix expanded tremendously as a result of growth of cotton manufacturing plants. On social scene, the manufacturing firms provided employment to millions of people including the slaves as the gap between the slaves and white farmers was covered, during the cotton boom of 1830s Moreover, the labor laws were changed that allowed free interaction between the black slaves and their white lords.Reference:Britannica online. (2008) King cotton. http://www. britannica. com/eb/topic-318402/King-Cotton Gieser James C (. 2004) New Georgia Encyclopedia. Published on5/26/2004land and resources http://www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-2087 Hunter, P. (1918): cotton growth and spread in other parts of the world. State board of entomol. Bull, pp, 1-50.