Review of Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Review of Financial Statements Essay Financial statements are essential accounting tools which include balance sheets, cash flow statements, and income statements that provide information on a companys past and present financial history. Information on financial statements can be used by any number of public and private entities to determine if an organizations financial status is healthy. Burger King and McDonalds are two organizations that use financial statements in conducting business. Further, this paper will discuss the financial statements of each company, the firms which audit each companies financial statements, and define accounting concepts, terminologies, and transactions used in the financial statements. Additional information will provided regarding when McDonalds and Burger King were established and what product and services they provide to the public. Overview of Organizations McDonalds first opened its doors in 1940 introducing the concept of the speedee service system offering french fries, hamburgers, and shakes to satisfy the hungry customer quickly at a low price. Over the next 65 plus years the McDonalds menu has changed from just french fries and hamburgers to salads, wraps, chicken nuggets and many more items which cater to the ever changing tastes of consumers. McDonalds has been criticized over the years as being a major contributor high obesity rates, in part due to the speedee service concept. These criticism have caused McDonalds to rethink menu items and helped the company to enact numerous changes to the menu which now offers nutritional guides for each menu item and healthier choices such as salads, fruit, and milk. McDonalds has changed the oil used to fry foods to make the fries healthier and includes a choice of meal sizes and most recently started a new line of coffee drinks, which offers the desired Starbucks taste for a fraction of the cost. The fast food chain currently has 31,000 restaurants worldwide and operates in 119 countries and serves approximately 47 million customers daily. McDonalds is also highly associated with the Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC) that has donated money and services to families and communities for over 35 years to approximately 37 million children and families. (McDonalds, 2009). The McDonald Corporation pays for most of  RMHCs global administration cost so that all donations go directly to the community and families. The charity is in such high demand that RMHC plans to expand their programs by 37% by 2010 to better help those in need. Burger King started in 1953 first known as Insta Burger King offering hamburgers to consumers that was cooked on a small cooker called an Insta-Broiler oven; the concept proved to be successful. In 1954 the name changed to Burger King, the broiler oven first used was replaced with the flame broiler and soon became popular for offering their flame broiled hamburgers and what is now known as the Whopper burger. (Burger King, 2009). The next 60 plus years for Burger King began suffering the same criticisms as McDonalds. It seemed all fast food chains were being blamed for the increased obesity rate in the U.S. Burger King followed suit and began making changes to their menus adding chicken, salads, fruit, food nutritional guides, smaller sizes, choice of drinks such as tea, milk, and changing the oil used to fry French fries as well as additional changes. Burger King Corporation is associated with a few charity organizations such as Have It Your Way which works to alleviate hunger, disease, and promotes community education through scholarship programs; the McLamore Foundation provides scholarships and is associated with several charities for When Organizations Were Established Burger King was founded in 1954 in Miami, Florida by James McLamore and David Edgerton. McLamore and Edgerton, both of whom had extensive experience in the restaurant business before starting their joint venture, believed in the simple concept of providing the customer with reasonably priced quality food, served quickly in attractive, clean surroundings. (New York Job Source, 2009), thus, the invention of the Whopper which was an instant success. Today Burger is found in all 50 states and 74 countries and territories throughout the world with more than 11,700 restaurants. In 1967 the Pillsbury Company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota purchased the company and its employees and the company went public in May 2006 at $17 a share. Today the company remains majority-owned by an equity group comprised of Texas Pacific Group, Bain Capital Partners and the Goldman Sachs Funds. (New York Job Source, 2009). McDonalds was founded by two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonald of San  Bernardino, California. Ray Kroc, a milkshake machine distributor happened on the brothers restaurant as he was curious to discover why such a small establishment would need 10 milkshake machines. Kroc was impressed by the speed with which these two brothers were able to provide service in their busy hamburger stand and he asked the brothers for a briefing on their McDonalds Speedee System and after the briefing he requested and secured the rights to duplicate the system throughout the United States. Ray Kroc opened his first outlet in Chicago in 1955, 50 years later the number of McDonalds locations had expanded to over 31,500. (Albrecht, Stice, Stice, Swain, 2008, pg. 76). Today McDonalds averages over 100 million dollars a day and is located in 121 countries around the world. Both companies had meager beginnings and have grown into fast food superstars. Accounting Organizations Providing Audits Both McDonalds and Burger King offer burgers, fries, and creamy shakes. However, the differences between McDonalds and Burger King are far more than golden arches and golden crowns. McDonalds has both and internal and external audit committees. The internal audit committee is composed of five Directors, each of whom meets the independence and other requirements of the New York Stock Exchange (Santona, 2009). The committee abides by a charter which states all its responsibilities and is reviewed annually. Ernst Young LLP (Ernst Young), the Companys independent auditors, is responsible for performing an audit of the Companys annual consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and for issuing a report on those statements (Santona, 2009). The Burger King Corporation also has both internal and external audit committees. The internal committees perform quarterly internal audits that are published for investors, but these audits are indicated as unaudited by an external entity. KPMG LLP is the external organization the Burger King Corporation uses for its external audits. Financial Statements Used and Terminology As a publicly traded company within the United States Burger King Corporation (BKC) has taken all the necessary steps required to abide by the regulations set forth the Sarbanes-Oxley Act  of 2002. The annual report for FY2008 includes information such as business information, risk factors, physical assets, legal proceedings, stockholder matters, and finally a comprehensive financial statement. (Burger King Corp, 2009). This section of the annual report begins with management reports on internal controls which are in place regarding financial reporting which explains in detail the understanding of both the CEO and CFO and their obligation to take full responsibility for the content of the annual report. The report of the independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG) is and additional statement of responsibility from the independent accounting firm which states the firm has reviewed the information. Paged within the reportcontain the balance sheet, statement of income, statem ent of stockholders equity, and statement of cash flows for FY2008 compared to 2007, 2006, and 2005. While BKCs annual report was presented in a standard no-frills format, McDonalds Corporations 2008 annual report included graphics and photos as the driver of the information. Along with the financial statements, McDonalds annual report focused on highlights from the menu to the money along with letters of welcome from the Chairman, Andy McKenna and CEO, Jim Skinner. (McDonalds Corporation, 2009). The financial reporting still included the managements report on internal controls, the report of independent registered public accounting firm (Ernst Young, LLP), the balance sheet, statement of income, statement of stockholders equity, and the statement of cash flows. In both instances a dedicated effort was made to satisfy the requirements regulated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Basic Accounting ConceptsIn 2008, McDonalds financial report shows annual total revenue at 23,522.4 million dollars compared to Burger Kings 2,455.0 million dollars; a difference of 21,067.4 million dollars; McDonalds clearly having earned more revenue (MSN Money, 2009). However, prior to 2003, the difference between McDonalds profits and Burger Kings were even greater. From 2001 through 2003 Burger King was losing money, but has made a steady annual gross profit since. (CNN Money, 2006). Transactions In 2008, Burger Kings annual profit was 1,452.0 million dollars and in 2007 the profit was 1,317.0 million dollars, a growth of 135 million dollars. McDonalds has also encountered gross profit over the past two years, however, at a much greater scale. In 2008 the gross profit recorded was 8,639.2 million dollars and in 2007 a gross profit was recorded of 7,905.2, an increase in profit of 734 million dollars. Accounts Affected by Transactions While the two fast food restaurant chains are no where near comparable in revenue, both chains are increasing revenue year after year. Since 2006, when Burger King became a publicly traded company; like McDonalds, they both worked to maintain a profitable growth for share holders which has increased the amount of profit each year (MSN Money, 2009). Both companies have cash assets as well as land and property, rental fees, food, supplies, salary responsibilities, and advertising. Financial Statements Affected by TransactionsEach of the transactions listed for Burger King and McDonalds are provided in detail on a number of the financial statements. Specifically, the profit can be followed on the balance sheet, the statement of income, and the statement of cash flows located in each annual report. In addition these figures are compared to the previous years numbers on each of these statements. Conclusion McDonalds and Burger King have been in business for decades and each company has established its respective company in the hearts of the American people and consumers across the globe when they expanded into global market. Both companies use reputable accounting firms and the same types of financial statements in order to assess the health of their financial status. This paper has shown how important understanding the concepts, terms, and transactions listed on financial statements are in order to better gauge how a company is faring financially on a year to year basis. References Albrecht, W.S., Stice, E.K., Stice, J.D. Swain, M.R. (2008). Accounting: Concepts and applications, (10 ed). Cengage Learning Center, Mason, Ohio. Burger King Corp. (2009). Company Info. Retrieved June 20, 2009 http://www.bk.com/Companyinfo/corporation/fact.aspxCNN Money. (2006). The King Meets his Public. Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/03/06/8370602/index.htmMcDonalds. (2009). Our company. Retrieved June 18, 2009 from http://www.aboutmcdonalds. Com/mcd/our_company.htmlMcDonalds Corporation (2009). 2008 annual report. Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http://www1.mcdonalds.com/annualreport/index.htmlMSN Money. (2009). McDonalds Corporation: Financial Statement. Retrieved June 18, 2009,from http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/statement.aspx?Symbol=MCD1stStatement=IncomestmntView=AnnMSN Money. (2009). Burger King Holdings Inc.: Financial Statement Retrieved June 18, 2009, from http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/invsub/results/statement.aspx?Symbol =BKC1stStatement=IncomestmntView=AnnNew York Job Source. (2009). Burger King: Worlds second largest food chain. Retrieved June 19, 2009 from http://www.nyjobsource.com/burgerking.htmlSantona, G. (2009). McDonalds: 2009 Annual Shareholders Meeting and Proxy Statement. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from http://www.aboutmcdonalds.com/etc/medialib/aboutMcDonaldsinvestor_relations.Par.58.686.File.tmp/2009%20Annual%Shareholders%20Meeting%20Proxy%20Statement.pdf

Reflection on Personal Performance in Business Strategy Game

Reflection on Personal Performance in Business Strategy Game Business strategy games involving management process before confirming the decision to be made. Lesson learned taken from the business game, from the process and the content from the case (industry and situation condition of the business). Management Process Planning was the first process taken. Reading and understanding the relevant information was necessary and plays a significant role in planning process. Expectation was established in the planning, and followed stepping process until all aspects have been determined, including all distinctiveness in production (capacity, model, etc.), transportation (shipping), labor, etc. Planning is critical, and it was indicated in the business strategy games, in which it required quite some time to achieve an agreement. Time was also a factor should be considered, and it drove the discussion on the planning to obtain the agreement. Organizing was also needed in the game to obtain optimal process. One opinion was listened and it organized the discussion and the direction of the process toward certain strategy. Other opinion was taking in to consideration, whether support or as devil advocacy to the strategy. The process also managed by organizing the flow of discussion to center on the strategy with already decided to be focused on. One person plays role as organizer at one time became a source person or follower in the other time. This approach of organizing made the progress of the discussion in the one focal point that describes the strategy taken which leads to the decision. When a member played the role as organizer, then the member did directing the process and content according to the chosen strategy, and also can happened that the strategy can be changed according to the expected result and considering assumption of strategy of the competitors. Some times in the process, one or more member can have their drive going down. In this situation other member did motivated the team to keep up the winning spirit. Controlling was also involved in the process, by focus on one thing and sacrifices in other thing, align with the strategy. These four processes of management were implemented i n the process of gaining the final decision and in determining the content to be made (such as production/manufacturing, shipping, labor, price, etc.), in which the final decision was made by consensus. The experience in the game gives the learning point in practicing of implementing management process, planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Within a given time, group should be able to do planning (including crafting the strategy, and establish the goal), organizing the process (including agreed on the road map of the process, listening and expressing opinion, and adjusting to the characteristics of the group), directing (including do and accept direction, motivating others, make or initiate decision), and controlling (to be aligned with strategy). Management Functions Strategy plays a critical role in the process, and aim to make the company have differentiation that creates competitive edge compare with the competitors. Decisions are determined align with the chosen strategy. Strategy such as increasing market share and or increasing price to obtain more profit, and or have a low cost production by moving the manufacturing to the low cost location, and or lowering the labor cost, and or increasing the quality of the product, etc., were became the issues discussed during the process. Any decision made in the process should be linked to the strategy and eventually to the expected result (goal). Marketing management initiatives plays important role in the process. Attention was put in the advertising or promotion program. The decision on the initiatives was made in relation with other initiatives, and initiative should be congruence to be able to reach expected impact. Operations management was also applied, in order to have efficient and low cost production, to be able to lower the price, or put emphasizing in better quality of product and therefore adjust the price to a higher number. Having different locations of manufacturing was also part of consideration in operation management, including the days needed for shipping, and inventory level. Financial management was critical. At the end of the day, the success of the strategy, whether the plan was achieved of not, was determined by facts and figures which was analyzed and interpreted in terms of financial. The situation or condition of the company was considering of profitable, safe or potentially bankrupt, and whether the strategy was effective or not was determined from numbers including financial ratios. Production plan and realization, exchange rate, labor cost, product sold or unsold, inventory level, price, etc. were contributed to the financial condition, and will be analyzed further for determining next strategy (for next run). Human Resource was also had major role in the decision process. Number of labor involved, salary and incentives, were several factors considered in human resource function. During the discussion it was also considered incentive factors as the factor that can boost the motivation of the employees, in which can increase the productivity and eventually proportionally can lower the cost. Experience in the business games told that the management functions will be more effective if it was take into consideration in integrated way. The strategy made was comprise of many functions of management, Working in Teams Team work was a factor that can smooth the progress of the practice toward a productive way. At one time one member took the role as leader, and expressed the idea or opinion which regarded as reference that was supported or argued by other members. The leader than guide or direct the process toward obtaining acceptable or best solution. Other member played role as follower, tried to understand point of view of the leader, and gave opinion to enrich the information for having the decision. In one process it can happened that the role of leader was switch from one member to another member, and lead the discussion toward the decision. Working in team in the business games demonstrated by listening to other opinions or ideas and, gave contribution to the group by doing analysis and expressing constructive argument and idea or opinion to the group. In the process of making group decision, group tried to obtain consensus, with all group members support the decision. Experience and Lesson Taken to Working Place In leading unit in the working place, it is important to have clear goals for the unit, which are determined in the process of performance planning that usually take place at the beginning of the year. The goals comprises of organization (unit) objective, and individual objective which should be clear and measurable (refer to SMART Goals principle) and cascaded from top to bottom, means that the goals are aligned from executive or manager position to staff position. Having a clear goals or expectations will make all employees within the unit know exactly what are expected to be achieved and will make the monitoring of performance become more effective, and eventually it will make the evaluation of the achievement more effective. Leader should be able to define the goals, which reflected what the unit wants to be, particularly for the respective year. For the unit, strategy than decided to define what is the best way to achieve the goals or answering how to get there. Leader should be able to determine the strategy, which should consider of having different way of doing rather than just following the same thing. Strategy should have put into consideration opportunities and obstacles that can potentially will be faced along the year. For the unit performance, flow of work, service level agreement, number of employee, training and development program that will have impact to the quality of work, compensation practice, etc. should be considered in order to have effective strategy. Every people in the organization have potential, and leader should put effort to unleash the potential of the individual and support them to perform in their work. Many initiatives of improvement or programs come from the people in the unit that can give positive impact to the unit. Motivation is needed to keep the work spirit not fall to the lower level. Leader should do coaching to ensure people in the unit understand and on track, make sure that people move to the same direction with same strategy. Every function of management can be implemented to achieve optimum result. Managing the operation implemented to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of work. Human resource management will help in ensuring what unit do are align with the business. Financial management can be implement whether in business or support function, for instance to measure Return on Investment of certain initiatives. As member of management team, we should contribute in a positive way by giving opinion and ideas, or doing what has been decided productively. Discussion should be conducted in conducive way, listen what other people say and express opinion to reach to the decision. When decision has been made, member should follow and committed to perform the decision in effectively. Success of the unit is also determined by the competency, performance, and contribution of the members. To have an optimum result, member should be able to look the purpose as unit purpose not individual purpose. This principle can create synergy between members in the team and can contribute more to the performance of the team. The business strategy games provide inspiration that can be applied in the working situation. Having competitors that can affect the result of one group convey the message that in establishing standard, one unit should not look into inside factors, but should also consider outside factors. The capability of the unit can be seen differently and will lead to different goals and strategy. Strategy can be different if the external condition is supportive and indicates opportunity and will be different if the external conditions are not accommodating. Macro and micro analysis can be conducted to have a more comprehensive analysis for obtaining effective and right decision.

QOD Protocol for Wireless Network Service Quality

QOD Protocol for Wireless Network Service Quality CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview A generalized treatment of a topic a summary oroutline The development of the wireless network must be prevented in various applications of wireless networks and they can be used in several areas of the hybrid networks respectively. Here the wireless network such as Wi-Fi in laptops and in mobiles can be used to increase the use of wireless networks. These wireless applications are used in the several fields such as in watching videos, playing games and also in watching TV also in wireless mobile devices. While performing all such functions some security will be needed in the specific wireless networks. The applications of wireless networks should be directly connect some wireless mobile devices for required operations. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. Here we proposed a routing protocol in the wireless networks for the overall performance of the network respectively. The protocol provides the respective applications for the transmission of data across the wireless networks. The quality of service will be provided in the specific areas of networks and overall network performance will be maintained as in required manner. The quality of service support will reduces the delay in the end-to-end transmission delay in the throughput also be reduced. However in the hybrid wireless networks, one thing have been proven that it is a better network structure for the future generation, and it have been proved that it will be helpful for the network communication. For example the mobile ad hoc network is also a wireless network in that the mobile devices are connected with the wireless communication. These MANETs will automatically form a network organization to elaborate the usage of network as required and the mobile ad hoc network is also a wireless network in that the mobile devices are connected with the wireless communication. Thus the network security will be provided using some specific applications and thus the significant security will be provided. In the hybrid wireless networks it combines the networks infrastructure and the structure of MANET respectively. Number of reservation based routing protocols are to be used to provide the infrastructure wireless communication and it improves the scalability of the wireless network. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will used for the internet servers through the access points. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. The reservation-based protocols have been implemented for MANETs and that will specify the routes that is formed by the specific nodes and respective links that are associated with the resources to fulfill the quality of service requirements. Also such protocols will increases the QoS of the MANETs for some extents, they also suffers some of the problems like race conditions and the invalid reservation respectively. The invalid reservation is nothing but the invalid resources will be useless when the data forwarding path between source to destination node will breaks. And race condition is nothing but double allocation of the similar resources for two different qualities of service routes respectively. In order to specify the quality of service support capability in wireless networks, we had proposed a distributed routing protocol for the quality of service support. Usually a wireless network has the several base stations and also the access points across the wireless networks. There are two main features regarding the data transmission in the hybrid wireless networks. The one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission; it also removes the duplicate copy of data from the data stream (redundant data). By performing these operations above protocol will provides the high quality of service for the hybrid wireless networks. There are five contributions in our project they are resource reservation based protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Sometimes wireless networks faces invalid reservation and as well as the race condition respectively. Here we proposed a distributed routing protocol for enhance a quality of service (QOD). The reply message of the transmission includes the information of the certain resources packets in packet scheduling feasibility, transmission delay, and reduces the traffic in the transmission. Hence the packets scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determines the size of the packets. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. The message should contain the whole information according to the available resources for finding the feasibility of scheduling packets and transmission delay and also the redundancy in traffic in the every transmission. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. The particular neighbor node will report their upgrades to the source nodes, which specify their scheduling feasibility to reduce the whole transmission delay in the wireless networks. Number of reservation based routing protocols are to be used to provide the infrastructure wireless communication and it improves the scalability of the wireless network. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will use for the internet servers through the access points. On the basis of this information, the specific source node will selects the replied neighbor that should guarantees the quality of service delay in the transmission of packets to the access points. The selected neighbor node specifically updates its status about the transmission of the data packets in the hybrid wireless networks which ensures their feasibility scheduling and transmission delay of the transmitted data packets respectively. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The packet scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determines the size of the packets. On the basis of this information, the source nodes will selects the neighbor node that guarantee the quality of service delay in the data transmission to the access points. Sometimes wireless networks faces invalid reservation and as well as the race condition respectively. Here we proposed a distributed routing protocol for enhance a quality of service (QOD). In wireless networks there are two features one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission of data and the redundant data will be removed from the data stream and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The packets scheduling feasibility and the mobility of the node determine the size of the packets. The hybrid wireless networks also increases the reliability of the network with the help of specific routing protocol and it should also increases the lifetime of the network. The overall network performance will be well maintained using the distributed routing protocol and the protocol will make the fastest data transmission across the network. The base stations of the mobile ad hoc network will used for the internet servers through the access points. The physical security must be provided in the wireless networks as in the wired networks the security will be provided. The wireless networks sometimes failed to provide the network security at that time the large sensors may be needed to deploy in the specific network area. The distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission; it also removes the duplicate copy of data from the data stream (redundant data). By performing these operations above protocol will provides the high quality of service for the hybrid wireless networks. Aim/Objective Here we used a QOD protocol for providing a quality of service and also overall network performance can be maintained. The transmission delay can be reduced with the help of distributed routing protocol and network life time can be increased. The traffic in the data stream or packet stream is also reduced with the help of this protocol and also eliminates the redundant data from the data stream. Problem Statement In the traditional wireless networks, it is difficult to provide the good quality of service and hence we proposed a QOD protocol to overcome such drawbacks. This protocol should select the respective neighbour node when the source node is not within the range. The protocol should helps in reducing the transmission delay in the hybrid wireless network. It also helps in resizing the packets to make an easy flow in the wireless networks and the physical security will be provided. The traffic will be removed from the stream of data and also the redundant data should be removed, hence overall network performance will be maintained and quality of service will be provided. Scope of the project The reservation-based protocols have been implemented for MANETs and that will specify the routes that is formed by the specific nodes and respective links that are associated with the resources to fulfill the quality of service requirements. Also such protocols will increases the QoS of the MANETs for some extents, they also suffers some of the problems like race conditions and the invalid reservation respectively. The invalid reservation is nothing but the invalid resources will be useless when the data forwarding path between source to destination node will breaks. And race condition is nothing but double allocation of the similar resources for two different quality of service routes respectively. In wireless networks there are two features one is the transmission should be any cast transmission and the other is number of transmission hops between source to destination is very small. Taking the full advantage of these two features the distributed routing protocol transmits the packets. This protocol performs various operations: If the source node fails to send the packet then requests neighbor node to send the data. This protocol reduces the transmission delay by associating with the specific scheduling algorithms and also associated with the packet resizing algorithm to resize the packets respectively. This protocol also reduces the delay during the transmission of data and the redundant data will be removed from the data stream.

Mystery in Charlotte Brontes Napoleon and the Spectre and Charles Dick

Mystery in Charlotte Bronte's "Napoleon and the Spectre" and Charles Dickens' "Signalman" The two stories that I have been studying are 'Napoleon and the Spectre' and the 'Signalman' written by Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens respectively. Both the stories are set in the nineteenth century, a period of time when the country was experiencing rapid change. Bronte's story 'Napoleon and the Spectre' is a story about the Emperor of France who at that time was a leading figure in society, a symbol and trademark of France's important position in the world. Napoleon was a gallant and valiant soldier and he supposedly murdered General Pichegru. In the story Napoleon comes in to contact with a strange supernatural creature who entices him and takes him on a deeply strange tour of the streets of Paris. Napoleon allows himself to be taken on this tour partly due to his courageousness and the fact that the ghost exerts a power over him, encouraging him on with enticing remarks such as, 'Follow me Napoleon and though shall seek more.' With Bronte's story being on one side of the spectrum Dickens is on the other as it tells a completely different type of story. It is once again set in roughly the same period of time when the civilized world was in the middle of a period of great change as the country was gripped in the Industrial Revolution. The Revolution saw the beginning of the steam railway, the introduction of telegraphs and the availability of electricity, all this was the catalyst for the class divide to become more exaggerated, with the poor getting poorer and the rich getting richer. It was also the period in which people were still generally strict Christians and Catholics, sceptical to anything n... ...r particularly interested in what the eventual outcome of the story will be. I feel it doesn't meet the necessary criteria to be a good short story, it is not entertaining nor exciting, but more a social/historical commentary of that time. Dickens saw it as his role to write about the plight of the poor and under privileged and wanted to encourage people to think about social inequalities. Where 'Signalman' has its short comings, Bronte's 'Napoleon and the Spectre' meets the criteria perfectly, it is short, has the necessary excitement and action to have an impact on the reader, which is what the aim of a short story should be. Bronte sensationalises a public figure and portrays him as a 'bad' man, consequently it could be said that this story also carries a moral in that we should be accountable for our actions no matter what our position in life may be.

Allen Ginsberg and American Protest Literature Essay -- American Protes

BUNEA VALENTIN LEONARD GROUP 3A, ENGLISH-AMERICAN STUDIES ALLEN GINSBERG,  ¡Ã‚ §HOWL ¡Ã‚ ¨ AND THE LITERATURE OF PROTEST   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) was an important figure in the Beat Generation Movement that took place right before the revolutionary American 60 ¡Ã‚ ¦s. Other major beat writers (also called  ¡Ã‚ §beatnicks ¡Ã‚ ¨) were: Gregory Corso, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. The beat poetry was meant to be oral and very effective in readings. It developed out of poetry readings in underground clubs.(a beautiful image of these secret clubs can be found in the movie called  ¡Ã‚ §Dead Poet ¡Ã‚ ¦s Society ¡Ã‚ ¨ with Robin Williams playing the main character). Some argued that it was the grandparent of rap music. The term  ¡Ã‚ §Beat Generation ¡Ã‚ ¨ was coined by Kerouac in the fall of the 1948 in New York City. The word  ¡Ã‚ §beat ¡Ã‚ ¨ referred loosely to their shared sense of spiritual exhaustion and diffuse feelings of rebellion against what they experienced as the general conformity, hypocrisy and materialism of a larger society around them caught up i n he unprecedented prosperity of postwar America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The beat poetry was the most anticanon form of literature in the United States. The poetry is a cry of pain and rage, a howl at what the poets see as the loss of America ¡Ã‚ ¦s innocence and as a tragic waste.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allen Ginsberg was born in Newark, New Jersey. His parents were second generation Russian- Jewish immigrants, left-wing radicals interested in Marxism, nudism, feminism, generally in the modern revolutionary ideas of his times. This background certainly did influence his evolution as a revolutionary poet. His father, Louis Ginsberg, was a teacher and a poet, whose work was published in New York Times. During Ginsberg ¡Ã‚ ¦s childhood, his mother, Naomi Ginsberg, started to suffer from paranoia. She was institutionalized and eventually lobotomized. She died in an asylum in 1956. her life is the subject one Allen ¡Ã‚ ¦s poem entitled  ¡Ã‚ §Kaddish ¡Ã‚ ¨ and which was written as a compensation of her funeral service.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he graduated a public high school, Ginsberg won a scholarship from Columbia University where he became a famous student, making friends with Williams Burroughs and Jack Kerouac. An... ...p;  Ã‚   Ginsberg ¡Ã‚ ¦s style is not disciplined, but based on a spontaneous utterance of ideas, violating all the current artistic canons, provoking a literary and social scandal. The powerful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  representations of the urban realities, of the language and matter of the urban streets were meant to induce powerful reactions of the reader. He brought the culture down to the level of streets and neighborhoods. That ¡Ã‚ ¦s why the language and the images are obscene, including symbolism and direct references to oral and anal sex, homosexuality and drug use. We can even say that the form of the poem seems to be a self exploration, shaped after his own life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What Ginsberg manages to do is to freely express his attitudes the way they overwhelm him: defiance, longing, terror, hysteria, prayer, anger, joy, exhaustion, culminating with madness and suicide. BIBLIOGRAPHY: „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.sparknotes.com „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.questia.com „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE-  ¡Ã‚ §OUTLINE OF AMERICAN LITERATURE ¡Ã‚ ¨ „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  NORTON ANTHOLOGY

Culture and Visual Entertainment Media

Generally speaking, visual media has shaped American culture and its values in many ways due to the fact an average American spends most of their free time watching television. In the aspect when television first came out they avoided controversial issues because it was considered taboo to speak about them. Therefore, they made shows geared towards families living the good life with a mom at home and dad at work. This era instilled values of respect and self worth with little controversy. However, as time passed technology evolved and so did visual media. Visual entertainment began to develop into more controversial issues that changed the way we viewed the world. For instance, entertainment media began to talk about racism and mistreatment towards others; this lead Americans into the civil rights movement and equal treatment for everyone regardless of their skin color. This became the foundation that allowed other shows to step outside the box and begin to broadcast more controversial issues. Shows began to reflect life as a single parent and women entering the work force; therefore changing the value of what people considered to be a normal family. In this era divorce rates went up and many women began working towards establishing careers outside the home. As years passed, so did visual media. Cable television began to dominate the airwaves and became a popular way for people to receive media entrainment. This form of entertainment had no problem broadcasting issues such as sex, drugs, violence, and politics. Cable also made it easy for viewers to watch adult content and violent films at any moment of the day; therefore changing the way we view ourselves, others, and the world around us. I personally believe most social influences are mainly negative because people enjoy the controversy of sex, drugs, and violence. Advertisement, movies, and music compete for your attention; therefore most of them are geared towards body image and violence. Not to mention, some celebrities can openly express their opinion to children on what is considered to be acceptable behavior and what is not

Ap Chemistry Redox Titration Lab

Redox Titration Lab ABSTRACT: In this lab, 0. 010 M purple-colored potassium permanganate solution was standardized by redox titration with iron (II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (FAS). The average mass of the three flasks of FAS was 0. 483 grams. Once the concentration of the standard solution of KMnO4 (aq) was determined, it was used to determine the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. On average, there was 0. 01813 L of solution used.With this information and the balanced net-ionic equation 10Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2*6H2O+2KMnO4+H2SO4 –> 5Fe2(SO4)3+(NH4)2SO4+K2SO4+2MnSO4+H2O, the average percentage by mass composition of Fe2+ in iron pill samples was 16. 99%. (103) INTRODUCTION: The scientific concept of this lab was to titrate potassium permanganate with iron (II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate in order to oxidize the Fe2+ to Fe3+. Then the concentration of the standard solution of KMnO4 (aq) will be used to determine the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. The purpose of the lab is to first standardize a stock KMnO4 (aq), and then determine the percentage Fe2+ in iron pills. Read this Practice Test Chem 105The expected outcome of this lab was for the percentage of Fe2+ in the iron pills to be 17%. This is what was on the bottle of iron pills, and the point of the lab was to use titration to retrieve as much if the iron as possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedure for the standardization of KMnO4 (aq) was to first fill a clean 50 mL buret with 0. 0100 M KMnO4 (aq). Three clean Erlenmeyer flasks needed to be labeled, and a piece of FAS needed to be weighed to 0. 5g on a piece of weighing paper. Flask 1 was tarred and tapped into the FAS. The mass was then recorded. This was then repeated with flask 2 and 3. 0 mL of water and 5 mL of 3M H2SO4 was added to the three flasks. 50 mL of water was put in a beaker and 1 drop of permanganate solution was added. The color intensity of the mixture matched the standard and remained for 5 seconds or more. The initial volume was recorded to 0. 01 mL. Permanganate was then added to the FAS solution in flask 1 until the equivalent point was reached. The final volume was recorded and the permanganate solution used was determined. The titration process was repeated using FAS in flask 2 and 3. The flasks were then washed down the drain and rinsed with distilled water.Moles of Fe2+ ions present was calculated from the mass of FAS. The balanced equation was used to find the moles of KMnO4 needed to reach the same point. The three molarities of the permanganate solutions were then calculated. The molarities were added to the class data which would calculate the overall molarity for permanganate solutions. The procedure for the analysis of the iron pill was to first grind 2 iron pills in a mortar and pistol. There was 63 mg of iron per pill. 0. 3 grams was weighed on weighing paper, and an Erlenmeyer flask was tarred. The powder was then put in the flask and massed to 0. 01 g. This was then repeated with the second sample. 25 mL water, 15 mL 3M H2SO4, and a few drops of H3PO4(aq) was added to each fla sk and swirled until the iron pill was dissolved. The initial volume of the reading in the buret was recorded, and permanganate was added to the iron pill solution in flask 1 until the same point is reached. The final volume reading was recorded, and the exact volume of the permanganate used was found. The titration process was repeated using the iron pill in flask 2. The mixtures in flasks were washed down the drain, and the flasks were rinsed with water.The buret was rinsed with tap water and the stopcock was open for storage. RESULTS: Standardization: FAS mass Flask #1: 0. 500 gtarred: 0. 485 g FAS mass Flask #2: 0. 501 gtarred: 0. 496 g FAS mass Flask #3: 0. 497 gtarred: 0. 467 g KMnO4 |Initial V (mL) |Final V (mL) |Solution used (mL) | |Titration #1 |0. 01 |25. 45 |25. 44 | |Titration #2 |0. 00 |26. 36 |26. 36 | |Titration #3 |0. 00 |24. 31 |24. 31 | |Iron Pills: Iron Pill mass Flask #1: 0. 286 g Iron Pill mass Flask #2: 0. 293 g KMnO4 |Initial V (mL) |Final V (mL) |Solution us ed (mL) | |Titration #1 |0. 00 |18. 09 |18. 09 | |Titration #2 |0. 00 |18. 17 |18. 7 | |The data found in this lab allowed for the discovery of the percentage by composition of Fe2+ in the iron pills. For the standardization data, the different titrations is the independent variable, and the volumes of KMnO4 is the dependent variable. In order to find the percentage by composition of Fe2+ in the iron pills, the KMnO4 needed to be titrated and the starting, final, and solution used needed to be recorded. The solution used will later be used in liters to find the molarity of each flask of KMnO4. The data above the table is how much FAS was in each flask when it was tarred, and with the flask itself.For the iron pills data, the different titrations is the dependent variable, and the volumes of KMnO4 is the dependent variable. For each titration, the initial, final, and solution used is recorded on this data table also. The solution used will later be used in liters to determine the gra ms of Fe2+. The data above the table is how much iron was in each flask measured in grams. CALCULATIONS: Flask 1: 0. 485g (1 mol FAS/392. 16g) (2 mol KMnO4/10 mol FAS) = 2. 473*10-4 mol KMnO4 Flask 2: 0. 496g (1 mol FAS/392. 16g) (2 mol KMnO4/10 mol FAS) = 2. 530*10-4 mol KMnO4 Flask 3: 0. 467g (1 mol FAS/392. 6g) (2 mol KMnO4/10 mol FAS) = 2. 340*10-4 mol KMnO4 Flask 1: (2. 473*10-4 mol KMnO4/0. 02544L) = 0. 00972M Flask 2: (2. 530*10-4 mol KMnO4/0. 02636L) = 0. 00960M Flask 3: (2. 340*10-4 mol KMnO4/0. 02431L) = 0. 00980M Average M = 0. 00971M Flask 1: 0. 01809L (0. 00971 mol/1L) = 1. 7565*10-4 mol MnO4- 1. 7565*10-4 mol MnO4- (0. 00971 mol/1L) (5 mol/1 mol) = 8. 78270*10-4 mol Fe2+8. 78270*10-4 mol Fe2+ (55. 85g Fe2+/1 mol Fe2+) = 0. 04905g Fe2+ Flask 2: 0. 018171L (0. 00971 mol/1L) = 1. 7643*10-4 mol MnO4- 1. 7643*10-4 mol MnO4- (5 mol/1 mol) (0. 00971mol/1L) = 8. 8215 mol Fe2+ 8. 8215 mol Fe2+ (55. 85g/1 mol) = 0. 492g Fe2+ (0. 04905g Fe2+/0. 286g Fe2+) * 100 = 17. 15% (0. 0492 g Fe2+/0. 293g Fe2+) * 100 = 16. 82% 17. 15% + 16. 82% = 33. 97% (33. 97% / 2) = 16. 99% DISCUSSION: The results from the lab procedure fully support the lab results expected. If the validity of the lab was not reliable, then the percentage of iron in the iron pills would not be 17%. The results from the lab was 16. 99% which is extremly close to the actual percentage of iron. The results compare with the manufacturer’s stated vcalue of %Fe because the results were over the percentage depicted by the company by . 31%. There were 389. 5mg in each pill, and 16. 9% of this would be 66. 18mg. Compared to 65mg which was determined by taking 10 pills, weighing them, and dividing by 10, the desired yield was reached. Any mistake in discrepancy greater than 5% would be a mistake in the titration process or misweighed mass. Titration was used in this lab to oxidize the Fe2+ to Fe 3+ in the FAS, using potassium permanganate solution. It was then used to determine the concentration of F e2+ in iron pills. The results supported the scientific concept of titration because the process was done right and carefully in order to get the closest results to 17% as possible.There was one validity error made in the lab though while the titration process was being done. With flask #2, the stopcock on the buret was not turned parallel to the ground in time and too much KMnO4 was added to the flask. This caused the color to be more of a light magenta color, instead of a peachy or salmony color like flask #1 and #3 were. As explained before, this did not interfere with the results of the percentage of iron in the iron pills, as it was . 01% away from being exactly correct. It is still a validity error, and needs to be taken into account.For the next time this lab is performed, the person doing the titrating should be extremly careful to do it right and take their time, in order to get the best results possible. (Picture: To the left is flask #1, the middle is flask #2 and shows t he validity error, and to the right is flask #3. Flask #1 had a translucent peachy color, flask #2 had a translucent light magenta color, and flask #3 had a translucent salmon color (the lightest). ) CONCLUSION: This lab definitely explains how to do a titration, but also gives a hands on experience and visual of the chemical reaction of iron oxidizing from Fe2+ to Fe3+.It also gives a hands experience and visual of determining the concentration of Fe2+ in iron pills. This lab was quantitative because it refers to how much the amount of the present element or compound there is. The theoritical data compares to the experimental data because the theoretical data gave the conclusion that there was 17% iron in the iron pills. The experimental results gave a very similar result at 16. 99%. With those results, this lab was a success and brought to the conclusion that even with a small error with the titration, the validity of this lab is very reliable.